微生物与感染
Dec. 3, 2024
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2024 Vol.19 No.1
Published 2024-02-25
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huang dan
Performance evaluation of serum ALT in tandem with HBsAg and in tandem with HBV DNA in identifying HBeAg-positive chronic non-aggressive hepatitis
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection undergoes two phases in sequence, termed non-aggressive hepatitis (NAH) and aggressive hepatitis (AH), respectively, but there is still a lack of perfect standard for defining HBeAg-positive NAH and AH. In this study, based on a long-term follow-up cohort of 179 patients, the functional cutoffs for alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in identifying HBeAg-positive NAH were designated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion as the endpoint event; On this basis, the performance of ALT in tandem with HBsAg and in tandem with HBV DNA in identifying HBeAg-positive NAH was evaluated. The results showed that, ALT ≤60 IU/L, HBsAg >4.602 log10 IU/mL and HBV DNA >7.477 log10 IU/mL were the functional cutoffs in identifying HBeAg-positive NAH. Based on the functional cutoffs, among patients with ALT in tandem with HBsAg, the proportion of patients with pathological grade ≤ G1 and "grade ≤ G1 and stage ≤ S2" were both 100%, and with pathological stage ≤ S1 and "grade ≤ G2 and stage ≤ S1" were both 68.2%; among patients with ALT in tandem with HBV DNA, the proportion of patients with pathological grade ≤ G1 and "grade ≤ G1 and stage ≤ S2" were both 86.2%, and with pathological stage ≤ S1 and "grade ≤ G2 and stage ≤ S1" were both 69.0%; the positive likelihood ratios of ALT in tandem with HBsAg in identifying pathological grade ≤ G1 and "grade ≤ G1 and stage ≤ S2" were both +∞, and in identifying pathological stage ≤ S1 and "grade ≤ G2 and stage ≤ S1" were both 2.034; the positive likelihood ratios of ALT in tandem with HBV DNA in identifying pathological grade ≤ G1 and "grade ≤ G1 and stage ≤ S2" were 3.000 and 3.068, respectively, and in identifying pathological stage ≤ S1 and "grade ≤ G2 and stage ≤ S1" were both 2.106. The results suggested that, both ALT in tandem with HBsAg and in tandem with HBV DNA can effectively identify HBeAg-positive NAH; the performance of ALT in tandem with HBsAg in identifying HBeAg-positive NAH was better than that of ALT in tandem with HBV DNA.
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 12-26 [
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Clinical characteristics and risk factors analysis of long covid in 1209 patients with COVID-19 in Shenyang
Abstract: The aim of the study is to analyze the clinic characteristics and the risk factors of long COVID in patients infected with COVID-19. A total of 1209 patients infected with COVID-19 before August 31, 2023, were enrolled in this study. Demographic data, symptoms of long COVID and laboratory examination of these patients were collected. Single and multi-factor Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with long COVID. 146 of 1209 patients (12.08%) self-reported long COIVD. The symptoms of long COVID were mainly characterized by fatigue, cough, memory loss and so on. There was no significant difference in laboratory examination between patients with long COVID and patients without long COVID. Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factor for long COVID were female (aORs=1.69, P=0.007), ≥3 comorbidities (aORs=4.07, P<0.001) and reinfection (aORs=1.94, P=0.002). After the opening of the epidemic, the incidence of long COVID was lower in infected individuals infected predominantly with the omicron strain compared with the incidence of previous strains, and female, ≥3 comorbidities, and reinfection were risk factors for long COVID.
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 27-34 [
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Evaluation of the effects of temperature and freeze-thaw cycles on bacterial activity in public health samples
Abstract:The aim of this study is to simulate the transportation/temporary storage, frozen storage, and reuse scenarios of infectious specimens in public health biological sample banks. By adding Escherichia coli to rabbit serum and drinking water to simulate infectious human serum samples and environmental water samples, the effects of different transportation temperatures, freezing temperatures, and freeze-thaw cycles on bacterial activity in samples, especially in deep low-temperature environments, were evaluated. The results showed that under transportation conditions of 4 ℃ for infectious serum and drinking water, the number of Escherichia coli in the samples gradually decreased over time. Under dry ice transportation conditions, the number of Escherichia coli in the drinking water samples decreased to an extremely low level after 12 hours. Under the conditions of -20 ℃, -80 ℃, and liquid nitrogen, there was no statistical difference between the results of Escherichia coli count after one~three times freeze-thaws of serum and the reference value. This study suggests that key data affecting sample quality at each stage should be recorded throughout the entire process, such as transportation temperature, time limit, and total number of freeze-thaw cycles, as pre analysis information recorded in the biological sample library information system. Although this is not biological sample operation information, the accuracy of the results can be directly verified.
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 35-45 [
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Xiao-Xian CUI
Characteristics and etiological analysis in suspected measles cases in Shanghai from 2014 to 2019
Abstract: To explore the characteristics and etiological factor in suspected measles cases in Shanghai city, to analyze the characteristics of suspected measles cases in Shanghai from 2014 to 2019. Pharyngeal swab specimens were collected and screened to detect 11 rash fever associated virus, including varicella-zoster virus, human parvovirus B19, HSV-1, HHV-6, HHV-7, EB virus and other enteroviruses by PCR technology. A total of 8552 pharyngeal swabs and 3325 negative pharyngeal swabs were collected from suspected measles cases from 2014 to 2019. The virus detection rate was 9.7% (108/1197). A total of 9 viruses were detected, and no mixed infection was detected. The highest positive rate of human Epstein-Barr virus was 1.8%, followed by human herpes virus type 6 (1.7%), varicella-zoster virus and human parvovirus B19 (1.3% each). The positive rate of other EV was 0.8% in 10 cases. CA6 was found in 7 cases with a positive rate of 0.6%. CA10 was found in 7 cases with a positive rate of 0.6%. HSV-1 was found in 6 cases, positive rate 0.5%; 4 cases were CA16, the positive rate was 0.3%. HSV-1 and VZV were mainly detected in children, EB, HHV-6, CA16 and CA6 were detected in adults and children at similar rates, and B19 and other enteroviruses were mainly detected in adult cases. VZV, EB and HHV6 were mainly detected in males, and HSV-1 was mainly detected in females. In addition to measles and rubella, 9 viruses including Epstein Barr virus, human herpes virus and parvovirus B19, may cause fever and rash symptoms and be clinically diagnosed as measles. More attention should be paid in clinical diagnosis. Key words: measles; suspected cases; rash and fever illness; pathogenic spectrum; PCR
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 46-51 [
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Progress on dissolving microneedles vaccines
Microneedles, as an efficient transdermal immunization modality, can penetrate the stratum corneum and deliver antigens to the immune cell-rich dermis without damaging the neurovascular system. Among them, Dissolving microneedles (dMNs) have attracted much attention due to many advantages such as simple preparation, convenient operation, high drug capacity, and less tip waste. In this review, we mainly summarize the immune effect of dMNs vaccines and the current progress of clinical trials, discusses the issues that exist during the use of dMNs and looked forward to the future research, so as to provide a reference for the research of dMNs vaccination and promote its application.
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 52-57 [
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Frontiers in the Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) can cause fatal Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis (HSE), and some patients may experience severe neurological sequelae even with antiviral treatment. The effective control and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, with the activation and regulation of T cells playing a major role in adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, innate immunity also plays a crucial role in suppressing virus replication and spread. In this context, we review relevant studies on the immune response characteristics and mechanisms in HSE, summarizing the protective and damaging effects of the immune system on the body during HSE. This provides insights for further research into new mechanisms or the discovery of novel immunotherapies.
2024 Vol. 19 (1): 58-64 [
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