Based on an established rhesus monkey model , an entrovirus 71 ( EV71) challenge study was conducted. Responses to viral inf ection were determined following immunization with an inactivated vaccine . All three vaccine doses ( 20 , 80 and 320 EU) induced neutralizing antibody responses in rhesus monkeys . Inthe 80 EUand 320 EUgroups , titers of 1∶128-1∶256 were detected at week 4 after the boost vaccination. After intranasal challenge with 104 .5 CCID50 EV71 , viral load was negative in blood, central nervous system( CNS) , and other organs . Inthe 20 EUgroup , al ow viral load could be detectedin blood , lymph nodes , CNS, and other major organs . The pathol ogical results showed that there was no obvious  damage in the CNS, lung and other organs in all three dosage groups . The findings suggest that this experi mental EV71 vaccine can protect the monkeys fromviral challenge .

To find the variable number of tandemrepeat ( VNTR) locus combinations that adapt to study the microevolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tuberculosis ) strain of Beijing genotype and the molecular markers to distinguish diff erent sublineages , VNTR and single nucleotide polymorphism( SNP) genotyping were usedto genotype 135 strains fromculture-positive sputumof tuberculosis patients ( collected and preserved by Shanghai Municipal Center f or Disease Control and Prevention) in Chongming Island , Shanghai . Based on the data, the mini mumspanning tree ( MST) was constructed . The results showed that the genotyping inf ormation of 16-locus VNTR best matched the SNP genotyping data, indicating that it was applicable in the microevolution study of M. tuberculosis strain of Beijing genotype in Chongming Island ,
Shanghai . SNP hapl otypes were mainly concentrated in ST10 ( 42. 2%) , ST19 ( 30. 4%) , and ST22 (14.1 %) . Four VNTRloci ( Mtub21 , QUB26 , MI RU16 and QUB4156) may be the molecular markers to distinguish different sublineages of Beijing genotype strains .

The present paper ai ms to study clinical yeast isolates and analyze their susceptibility to antifungal drugs . API 20C AUXidentification systemand CHROMagar Candida mediumwere used to i dentify a total of 1 386strains of yeast collectedin our hospital fromJanuary to December , 2008 . The Rosco disk diffusion method was used to test the susceptibility of yeast to amphotericin B, fluconazole , itraconazole , nystatin , voriconazole , 5-flucytosine , and clotri mazole . The data were analyzed by Whonet 5 .4 software . Of the 1 386 strains collected, Candida albicans ( C. albicans) was the most frequent ( 58 .95%) , f oll owed by C. t r opicalis ( 15 .95 %) , C. glabr at a ( 15 .15 %) , C. kr usei ( 2.74%) , and others ( 7.21%) . Antifungal susceptibility testing results showed that the sensitive rates of C. l usitaniae , C. par apsilosi s , C. al bicans ,
C. t r opicalis , C. glabr at a , and C. kr usei to fluconazole were 95 .45 %, 94 .29 %, 82.99%, 79.19 %, 68 .57 % and 28 .95 %, respectively . The sensitive rates of C. albicans to 5-flucytosine , amphotericin B, nystatin, voriconazole , fluconazole , itraconazole , and clotri mazole were 93 .76%, 93 .15 %, 84.58 %, 84 .09 %, 82.99 %, 80 .05 % and 78.09 %, respectively . These results suggest that the major pathogen causing deep fungal infection in our hospital is C. al bicans , f ollowed by C. tr opicalis and C. glabr ata . C. al bicans was most susceptible to the antifungal eff ects of 5- flucytosine and amphotericin B. All of the yeast isolates collected, except f or C. kr usei , were highly sensitive to fluconazole .

Cellular protein α-actinin has been shown to involve in HCV replication in Huh7 HCV replicon cells . However , it is still elusive howα-actininregulates HCV RNAsynthesis . In this study , we attempted to study the mechanismhowα-actinin facilitates HCVreplication. α- Actinin was transfectedinto JFH1-infected Huh 7.5 cells . The results showed that overexpression of α-actinin significantly increased HCV nonstructural protein expression as well as intracellular and supernatant HCV RNAlevels . More inf ective virus particles were also secreted into media. Membrane flotation analysis indicated that the vast maj ority of both fulllength actinin and NS5A were colocalized in the detergent-resistant membrane ( DRM) fractions . Knockdown of α-actinin altered the membrane association pattern of NS5A. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showedthat NS5A was unable to display atypical pattern of cytoplasmic distribution and colocalize with calnexin on endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together , these results indicate that α-actinin regulates HCVreplicationthrough facilitation of NS5A’s associati on with endoplasmic reticulummembrane , and may provide newinsights into fundamental cellular processes and identify novel targets f or antiviral intervention.

A new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 first identified in April 2009 has caused global pandemics . The first confirmed case in Shanghai was in May 2009. In order to study the characteristics of the 2009 influenza A virus subtype H1N1 in Shanghai , the virus stains A/ Shanghai/ 37T/ 2009 and A/ Shanghai/ 71T/ 2009, which were identified by real-ti me reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) , were isolated fromtwo i mported cases . Then , the characteristics of viral structure , drug  esistance , gene andsubtyping of the two viruses were studied by electron microscopy , i mmunofluorescence technique , genome sequencing , and bioinf ormation  oftware analysis . Virus particles from Madin- Darby canine kidney ( MDCK) cell culture showed that it contained numerous enveloped and highly pleomorphic orthomyxovirus  articles with a diameter ranging from60 nmto 80 nmand surrounded by a fringe of welldefined surface projection . The genome nucleotide sequence and amino acid  equence were then compared . The results showed that the two virus strains and the reference strain A/ Calif ornia/ 04/ 2009( H1N1) were highly homologous . Amantadine resistance occurred at residue 31 ( Asn) in M2 protein, while in the neuraminidase protein domain, it was sensitive to oseltamivir . Phylogenetic analysis showedthat thetwo strains were highly genetically si milar to those previously reported on the 2009 influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strains , suggesting the same origins f or the two Shanghai strains and 2009influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strains .

The epidemiology of infant measles under the current national vaccination procedure was explored in order to provide scientific evi dence f or i mprovements in vaccination strategies against measles . All data were collected via the Chinese Measles Surveillance System and used to analyze the distribution and i mmunization status of childhood measles cases during 2004-2007in Hangzhou. The results showedthat there were no differences in the prevalence of measles between urban and rural areas . Most cases aged 5 to 9 months were reported from March and May . The majority of cases at or less than 8 months of age werelocal inhabitants whereas children aged 9 months or older were more often visiting from other locales . The i mmunization coverage rate of non-local chil dren ( 14 .3%) was lower than that of l ocal chil dren (47.5 %)
(χ² =11.75, P < 0 .01) . The results indicate that it is necessary to strengthen the vaccination programin non-local children to decrease the incidence of infant measles . Furthermore , it may be beneficial f or  i mmunization against measles to start at the age of 6 months to help decrease the prevalence of measles in vulnerable infants who receive the first i mmunization of measles vaccine at 8 months of age .

A case of acute neurogenic pul monary edema caused by hand , f oot and mouth disease was reported in this paper . The chil d presented with f ever and characteristic  ashes in hands , f eet , mouth and buttocks . Respiratory difficulties , serious hypertension, pulmonary edema, and intracranial pressure were secondary to fever and rashes , complicated with peripheral circulatory failure . Intubation , positive pressure ventilation , high-dose intravenous γ-globulin , and short-term high-dose cortin were effective measures to prevent disease progression. After administration of mannitol and glycerol and fructose , pul monary edema and intracranial pressure were controlled. Furthermore , in combination with nutrition of myocardiumby creatine phosphate and antiviral therapy by ribavirin, the child was rescued.

In Sal monella , the PhoP-PhoQ two-component signal transduction system (TCS) is a maj or regulator of virulence , consisting of the trans-membrane sensor , PhoQ, and the cytoplasmic regulator , PhoP. PhoP-PhoQ can regulate Salmonella adaption to a low Mg²⁺ environment and other periplasmic signals , mediating transcription and expression of genes that encode proteins essential to bacterial virulence in the host cell . PhoP-PhoQ is necessary f or Salmonella in epithelium cell invasion, survival within macrophages , resistance to anti microbial peptides , modification of li pid A, function of type Ⅲ secretion system, and pathogenesis . PhoP- PhoQ can also interact with other TCSs or regulators to forma perfect regulative networkto ensure the regulation more suitable and well- rounded. Theref ore , PhoP-PhoQplays an important role in the regulation of Salmonella virulence .

Autophagy plays an important role in the innate and adaptive i mmune . On one hand, it acts as an innate i mmune response when eli minating microbes in cells vialysosome degradati on ; on the other hand, it acts effectively in adaptive i mmunity by regulating antigen processing and presentation. Autophagy is not only involvedin and enhances major histocompatibility complex ( MHC) II antigen presentation , but it also assists with classic and nonclassic MHCI antigen presentati on .

Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV) persistently infects humans in vivo vialatent infection. Recently more and more studies show that HCMV exists in the intestinal tract of the patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and suchillness is steroid- refractory . Furthermore , these patients present with severe clinical symptoms and even death . As a result , more attention has been paid to the correlation between HCMV infecti on andintestinal tract diseases . In this paper , the correlati on between HCMVinf ection and intestinal tract diseases is summarized .