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2011 Vol.6 No.3
Published 2011-09-25

Invited paper
Article
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Article
133 WANG Jing-Jing1,2; LI Wei1; ZHAO Hong-Ling1; LIU Long-Ding1; TANG Dong-Hong1; YANG Li-Xian1; DONG Cheng-Hong1; NA Rui-Xiong1; WANG Li-Chun1; ZHANG Ying1; LIANG Yan1; LIAO Yun1; LI Qi-Han1
Biological characteristics related to the transmission of enterovirus 71 in neonatal rhesus monkeys

Using an established animal model of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, the risk of EV71 transmission from infected neonatal to uninfected rhesus monkeys was assessed. Two 1-2 month-old neonatal monkeys were infected with EV71 via nasal spray (Group A). At 7 days post-infection , two neonatal monkeys assigned to Group B were inoculated with extracts from the feces of monkeys from Group A, via the same route. Meanwhile, two neonatal monkeys were inoculated with fecal extracts via intravenous injection (control group). The mothers of Group B were also enrolled as Group C. Maternal and infant data including clinical symptoms, viral load monitoring, and neutralizing antibody titers were obtained every day post-infection. The results from virological and pathological analysis showed that the transmission of EV71 could be observed in the neonatal monkey model. These findings also showed that the transmission of EV71 was more likely via re叩iratory route and that infection could be passed from infant to mother. These results provide additional information on the search for factors related to EV71 infection in childhood.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 133-138 [Abstract] ( 2927 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2527KB] ( 2701 )
139 WANG Ai-Min1; HE Lei-Yan1; XU Xue-Bin2; SONG Jian-Ming1; XUE Jian-Chang1; WANG Chuan-Qing1
Analysis of Salmonella infection in children with acute bacterial diarrhea in 2010 summer

Abstract: The paper aim to investigate the prevalence and resistant pattern of salmonella associated with acute bacterial infectious diarrhoetic children. Stool specimens were collected from outpatients and inpatients with actue bacterial diarrhea admitted by the children’s Hospital of Fudan University during July 1 to September 30 in 2010 to do the salmonella culture by isolated method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer method. Total 1045 patients suffered from actue bacterial infectious diarrhea were submitted to this investigation. Out of 160 patients were infected with salmonella.The infection rate was 15.3%(160/1045). The infection rate was 23.6%(119/505) in the group less than 1 year old, which was significant higher than that in the group of 1 to 5 years old (7.6%,32/423), and in the group of great than 5 years old (7.7%,9/117)(x2=2090,p<0.001). Total 21 serum types of salmonella were found,among them, Salmonella Typhimurium rate was 40.6%(65/160), Salmonella Enteritidis rate was 25.0%(40/160),the others was 34.4%(55/160).The resistance rates of Salmonella Typhimrium and Salmonella Enteritidis to Ampicillin were 91.4% and 69.0%,the resistant rates to ceftriaxone were 15.0%,29.3%, and the resistant rates to Cefotaxime were 29.3%,12.5%,respectively.The sensitivity rates of Salmonella Typhimuriumand Salmonella Enteritidis to Cefperazone/sulbactam,Cefmetazole,and Fosfomucin were higher than 90% respectively. These resuls suggest that the Salmonella was priority pathogenic bacteria associated with acute bacterial infeictious diarrhoetic children in our hospital in the summer time in 2010. Aged less than 1 year wrer sussceptible population to Salmonella infection.The prevalence serum types were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis,which hanve appeared different range of resistance to the third generation cephalosporin.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 139-143 [Abstract] ( 2196 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 578KB] ( 2587 )
144 WANG Qin; LIU Li; FAN Bi-Jun; LI Hua-Yin; BAI Chun-Xue; SONG Yuan-Lin; HE Li-Xian
A clinical analysis of 55 cases of community-acquired pulmonary cryptococcosis

To investigate the clinical characteristics of community-acquired pulmonary cryptococcosis, a total of 55 cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis diagnosed at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from 2003 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were consisted of 34 males and 21 females , with median age of 44.8±13.4 (17 to 75) years , 69.1 % of whom had no underlying diseases. Among those patients, 38.2% were asymptomatic, and 61. 8% had respiratory and (or) constitutional symptoms. The common symptoms were cough/ expectoration, fever , chest pain , and dyspnea on exertion. The common computed tomography (CT) scan patterns were nodule and mass, either solitary or multiple (53.0%) , infiltration and consolidation (31. 4 %), or diffused and mixed lesions (15. 7%). Twenty-five patients underwent latex agglutination test for pulmonary cryptococcosis, and 100% were positive. Cryptococcus neoformans was found in four biopsy tissue smears, in one sputum culture , and in two bronchoscopic lavage fluid cultures Non-caseous granuloma was the main characteristic in pathological study, with multinucleated giant cells containing abundant vacuolus yeast forms shown by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction and/ or GrocottGomori' s methenamine silver (GMS) staining. In conclusion, community-acquired pulmonary cryptococcosis is more prevalent in middle-aged male patients, the symptoms are mild, and the imaging patterns are multiple. Pathological, etiological, and serological examinations are valuable diagnostic tools.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 144-148 [Abstract] ( 2378 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 587KB] ( 2565 )
149 XIE Guang-Qing; LONG Xiao-Ling; LIANG Zhan-Tu; ZHANG Quan-Shan; FU Si-Mao
Drug sensitivity analysis of 72 non-typhoidal Salmonella and clinical characteristics of the caused enteritis in children

The present paper aims to explore drug resistance of 72 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates and the clinical characteristics of resulting enteritis in children. Stool specimens from 1 665 children experiencing intestinal infection were collected by the Digestive Disorders Ward of Zhongshan Boai Hospital from March 2009 to October 2010. The drug sensitivity testing on 72 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates was conducted after strain identification and separation. The clinical characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection were retrospectively analyzed. The results demonstrated that sensitivities of non-typhoidal Salmonella to cefoperazone-tazobactam, Tienam, levofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftazidine were 100% , 98.61 %, 95.83% , 87.50% and 77.78% , respectively. Antibiotic resistance rate of these non-typhoidal Salmonella to the first and second generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides , non-enzyme penicillin and cephamycins were all > 80%. Children with intestinal infection by non-typhoidal Salmonella typically presented with clinical characteristics specific to invasive enteritis such as mucous bloody stool , omitting and fever. Older children reported more abdominal pain and showed more abdominal distension and some may deteriorate to non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis. This study suggests that non-typhoidal Salmonella may have a high sensitivity to carbapenems, enzyme-containing β-lactam compounds, and fluoroquinolones. Therefore , antibiotics should be chosen reasonably and prudently based on drug sensitivity testing as treatment for effectively controlling infection, and preventing the occurrence of further deterioration in patients.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 149-152 [Abstract] ( 2258 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 493KB] ( 2466 )
 
Case
153 LIU Yuan-Yuan1, ZHANG Wen-Hong2, WANG Feng-Bin1
A case report of severe meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria meningoencephalitis is a kind of bacterial meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes( LM) , which most often occurs in immunocompromised persons. LM is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted through contaminated food. Historically , Europe and the United States have reported a greater number of infections, while infections in China are reported rarely. With its high mortality , it is difficult to diagnose Listeria meningoencephalitis due to the fact that the clinical manifestations are similar to other bacterial meningitis. It is also difficult to distinguish Listeria meningoencephalitis from tuberculous meningitis via cerebrospinal fluid. Diagnosis depends on the results of the cerebrospinal fluid smear and culture. In the present paper, a case of severe Listeria meningoencephalitis is reported. A middle-aged woman from the Philippines with normal immune function is presented with acute onset of illness whose condition deteriorated rapidly despite receiving routine therapy for viral meningoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis. Respiratory failure occurred three weeks after onset of illness and tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation became necessary. After LM was found in cerebrospinal fluid , ampicillin combined with aminoglycoside was administered for three weeks. The patient recovered fully and was discharged. Here we summarize the clinical features , risk factors , progression and outcome of Listeria meningoencephalitis.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 153-157 [Abstract] ( 1933 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1097KB] ( 3396 )
 
Summary
158 ZHU Ling-Yan1,2; QIU Chao1,3; XU Jian-Qing1,3,4
The impact of micro RNAs on human immunodeficiency virus infection: A flying bullet to invader?

microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously derived small RNAs that regulate the expression of mRNA via binding to its target sequence at mRNA 3' -untranslated regions (UTRs) and thereby play an important role in many biological activities in host cells. Studies have shown that cellular miRNAs can regulate the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and affect the replication and infection of HIV, and actively engage in the latency of HIV. Meanwhile, viral miRNAs produced by HIV-1 play an important role in regulating both the viral life cycle and the interaction between virus and host. However, more HIV-associated miRNAs remain to be discovered and their acting mechanisms need to be further addressed.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 158-164 [Abstract] ( 2578 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 659KB] ( 2404 )
165 WANG Xiao-Ting; WANG Ming-Li
The oncomodulatory effects of human cytomegalovirus

Studies have confirmed that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be associated with certain malignant tumors. Oncomodulation suggests that HCMV can infect tumor cells and influence their malignancy and in this particular case increase it. Some clinical studies show that the number of HCMV infected tumor cells has been implicated in the degree of tumor malignancy in patients with glioblastoma, suggesting that HCMV may exert oncostimulatory effects. Influencing the cell cycle, blocking apoptosis of the infected cells, influencing the malignant behavior of tumor cells, and so on, may contribute to the oncomodulatory effects of HCMV. An investigation into the molecular mechanisms of such oncomodulatory effects of HCMV will be significant to expand the prevention and treatment of cancer.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 165-168 [Abstract] ( 2068 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 387KB] ( 2735 )
169 DA Ze-Jiao1; ZHU Bing-Dong1; ZHANG Ying2
Progress in immunology of tuberculosis and new vaccine development

Tuberculosis remains a leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of the bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine and chemotherapy. Progress has been made in understanding immuopathogenesis and vaccine development in recent years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may activate innate immunity of macrophage by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) , which can eliminate the bacteria and regulate the acquired immune responses. Besides major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, CD1- restricted T cells and γ δ T cells also take part in immune responses to Mtb infection. Memory T cells and regulatory T cells play a special role in regulating immune responses to mycobacterial infection. In view of poor BCG protective efficacy in adults, improved control of tuberculosis requires development of new and more effective vaccines. Various vaccine candidates including recombinant BCG, live-attenuated Mtb, and booster vaccines , such as recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing Mtb antigen, nucleic acid vaccines, and subunit protein vaccines with novel adjuvants , are at different stages of development. One promising vaccine strategy is priming with BCG or BCG replacement vaccine followed by boosting with subunit vaccines. However, the vaccine strategy, optimal dose, route, frequency, and timing of the boost remain to be determined. The challenges facing tuberculosis vaccine development include a lack of immune markers for protection in humans, difficulty in prioritizing which candidates to move to clinical trials, shortage of clinical trial sites, lengthy time required for vaccine evaluation, and high cost.

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 169-178 [Abstract] ( 2251 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3833KB] ( 3821 )
 
Lecture
179 Howard CR
A brief guide to emerging viruses (Part 2)

Public health is influenced by the interactions between social conditions, the environment as much as it is by the evolution of pathogens. Changes in the natural environment are playing an ever-increasing role in determining disease patterns. Today's increasingly variable climate is accelerating this rate of change, often compounded by economic instability, the ravages of war, and natural disasters. Acting together, these factors are the prime contributors to the global emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious disease...

2011 Vol. 6 (3): 179-187 [Abstract] ( 1438 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 673KB] ( 2585 )
188 ZHOU Zhi-Tong1,QU Di2
Investigation on personnel management in biosafety level 3 laboratory
Personnel management plays a key role in the daily management of a biosafety level 3 laboratory (BSL-3). Laboratory personnel typically implement the biosafety management system including rules and regulations, standard operation procedures for pathogenic microbiology. It is these procedures that keep laboratory operations in order and reduce potential safety hazards. Our experiences and lessons learned from BSL-3 laboratory management and additional opinions or considerations on personnel management are summarized here to improve the quality of management in a BSL-3 laboratory.
2011 Vol. 6 (3): 188-190 [Abstract] ( 43 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 406KB] ( 235 )
 
Reader Author Editor
191 ZHU Qi-Rong
2011 Vol. 6 (3): 191-191 [Abstract] ( 1147 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 179KB] ( 1446 )
192 ZHANG Wen-Hong
2011 Vol. 6 (3): 192-192 [Abstract] ( 1069 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 187KB] ( 1433 )
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