Antibiotic abuse induces progressive antibiotic resistance and the delayed new antibiotic development challenge therapy of bacterial infection in clinical practice. Non-antibiotic regimens against bacterial infection have been pursued with rapid progress in the past 20 years. A significant improvement in clinical outcomes might be achieved by applying neutralization of bacterial cytotoxins, vaccine development, adjustment of microflora, and antimicrobial peptide.

In order to evaluate the antituberculous activities of leading compound E in vitro and provide the evidence for further studies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of compound E , isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were determined by standard methods. Synergy between compound E and INH/RIF was determined by chequerboard titration in 96-well microtitre plates. According to MICs of the drugs alone and in combination , the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated to find out that if there was synergy between the drugs. The elimination rate of non-growing H37Ra under normal as well as hypoxic and acidic conditions were determined by drug exposure in 3 days. Drug-resistant mutants of H37Ra and drug-resistant frequencies were obtained by Middlebrook 7H10-ADC agar containing compound E or INH.The results indicated that compound E was active against H37Ra with MIC of 0.078μg/ml ， and MBC of 0.312μg/ml. There was an additive effect between compound E and INH (FICI = 0.6) and a synergistic effect between E and RIF (FICI = 0. 27). The results also indicated that compound E showed better antituberculous activity against 10-day-old H37Ra than 6-week-old H37Ra under normal growth condition, but more active against 2-month-old H37Ra than 3-week-old H37Ra under hypoxic and acidic condition. No H37Ra resistant to compound E was detected after three independent repeats while the INH-resistant frequency was 3.4 x 10-⁶.

The present paper aims to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance of active pulmonary tuberculosis in entry applicants in Shanghai port, and to provide the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) data of foreign applicants with tuberculosis for Chinese Tuberculosis Surveillance System. From January 2010 to August 2011 , among 79 465 foreign applicants , 79 were found with active pulmonary tuberculosis by chest X-ray. The prevalence rate (99/100 000) was lower than Chinese population (459/ 100 000). The early morning sputum specimens were collected from these tuberculosis patients for 3 consecutive days for acid-fast smear and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-three of them were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Of these 23 , nine were resistant to at least one first-line anti-tuberculosis drug, with total resistance rate of 39.1 % (9/23). There were 2 streptomycin-resistant isolates (8. 7%) , 1 isoniazid-resistant isolate (4. 3%) , 5 pyrazinamide-resistant isolates (21. 7%) and 1 isolate resistant to three drugs (ethambutol , isoniazid, pyrazinamide) (4.3%). The results suggested that Shanghai port is facing the risk of transmission of active drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. It is necessary to enhance the surveillance system to manage and treat these patients effectively

The present paper aims to investigate the clinical distribution of Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) and its sensitivity to antifungal drugs. C. tropicalis isolates were separated from clinical specimens, and defined by ID 32 C identification system of BioMerieux. BIO-KONT fungal rapid color-development method was applied to test susceptibility to antifungal drugs in vitro. From January 2010 to December 2011 a total of 110 C. tropicalis isolates were separated, accounting for 14.34 % of all isolates of Candida. The infection of C. tropicalis was common in respiratory diseases, urinary tract diseases and diabetes. Over 90.00% of the isolates were sensitive to nystatin, amphotericin B and flucytosine. Sensitivities to azoles were between 44.55%-90.00%. Only 8.18% of the isolates were sensitive to terbinafine

In order to study the disease spectrum and clinical features of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in children , 260 children with EBV infection diagnosed by serum EBV DNA detection in our hospital were reviewed. The results showed that 60.0% (1 56/260) were under age of 3; angina and fever were the main clinical manifestations of EBV infection , associated with 95.4% and 86.5% of the studied cases respectively. There were 115 cases (44.2%) with ≥10% peripheral blood atypical lymphocytes. 1nfectious mononucleosis (IM) was the typical disease associated with 83.5% (217/260) of the studied cases. Among 43 untypical EBV infections, 32 were upper respiratory tract infection , 4 were hemophagocytic syndrome, 2 were autoimmune hemolytic anemia , and one of each for acute lymphoblastic leukemia accompanied by splenic lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus , Letterer-Siwe disease, hand foot and mouth disease and viral rash. 3.2% (7/217) of 1M were severe cases, 18.6% (8/43) of untypical EBV infection were severe, and the difference was significant ( P< 0.05). The prognosis of children with EBV infection was favorable in general. 254 cases were cured, with the cure rate of 97.7%. One patient developed persistent chronic active infection, 2 improved their conditions, 2 were transferred to other faciliti 凶， and 1 died. Severe cases had poor prognosis, especially in those with hemophagocytic syndrome. Therefore, more medical attention should be paid to EBV infection in children.

Strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common pathogens of urinary tract infection. These bacteria exhibit a multitude of virulence factors to facilitate bacterial growth and persistence within the urinary tract and evoke inflammatory reactions and tissue destruction. Among those virulence factors , adhesive factors including type l, P, S and FIC fimbriae (pili) and Afa/Dr family of adhesins play a prominent role in mediating bacterial attachment to and invasion of host uroepithelial cells, by recognizing the matched receptors allocated there. Some adhesins even promote the formation of intracellular bacterial communities and quiescent intracellular reservoir, and therefore not only weaken innate immune responses and antibiotic applications but cause recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection also.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections worldwide. Outer membrane protease T (OmpT) , as a putative uropathogenic virulence factor , is found more frequently in UPEC than in fecal isolates. This review covers the current progress on substrate specificity of OmpT, resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides, roles in the fibrinolytic system and bacterial adhesion and invasion.

Macrophages can make quick responses to Salmonella invasion. It controls infection through secreting cytokines and chemokines, and recruiting more macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. In addition , macrophages could also help Salmonella to disseminate in the body and cause infection. In this paper, the different roles of macrophages play during Salmonella infection are reviewed

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has driven human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to undetectably low levels in the blood and improved life quality of HIV / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, the eradication of HIV-1 is hindered by the persistence of long-lived, latently infected memory CD4 T cells and the formation of viral reservoirs. Research on HIV reservoir eradication mainly focus on gene therapy , drug treatment targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells or directly reactivating the latent viruses, which are easier to be killed by antiviral therapy. In this review , the recent research progress on HIV reservoir and its eradication is summarized.

Nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy is currently the main method of antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). A comprehensive understanding of the resistance mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can not only provide CHB patients with personalized drug prevention measures but also improve the efficacy of prognosis. The cunent progress on HBV resistance to nucleos( t) ide analogues has been reviewed in this paper.

Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) is the main measure of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy. Compared with nucleotide drugs , PEG-IFN can achieve better immune control and higher serum conversion rates for both HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and e antigen (HBeAg). With the development in sensitive assays for quantification of HBsAg and the study of natural history of HBV infection in recent years, studies demonstrated that there is a correlation between HBsAg level and both disease progression and host immune status. Recent studies have shown that HBsAg and HBeAg levels during anti-HBV therapy are closely related to sustained virologic response and could accurately predict the efficacy of treatment. Additional work is needed to standardize and validate these assays before they can be considered to be of true clinical applicability. The research progress in this area is reviewed in the present paper.