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2018 Vol.13 No.4
Published 2018-08-25

Invited paper
Original Article
Case Analysis
Review
) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 412KB] ( 725 )
 
Original Article
198 BAI Jinjin, LONG Jianer
Primary study on molecular characteristics and mechanisms of enterovirus type 71-induced programmed cell death

Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) infection usually causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. Severe EV71 infections can result in central nervous system complications, and even death. Previous studies suggest that EV71-induced severe complications are associated with programmed cell death and production of pro-inflammatory factors. To determine the molecular morphology and characteristics of EV71-induced cell death, EV71-infected cells were subjected to morphological analysis, JC-1 staining for potential of mitochondrial membrane, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Western blotting was used to identify the activation of programmed cell death factors, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-9, caspase-3, Gasdermin D, and MLKL. The results showed that EV71-infected cells mainly induced apoptotic cell death with a small portion of cellular necrosis. The cleavage of PARP, caspase-9, caspase-3 was observed. Although cell death was mostly inhibited by a caspase inhibitor, cell death still could be observed during the early stage of virus infection. The results suggest that EV71 infection mainly induces apoptotic cell death in combination with a caspase-independent cell programmed death.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 198-206 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 14211KB] ( 452 )
207 ZHOU Fengzhu,HU Yawen,GE Wenxue,ZHANG Xuelian
Knockdown of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis using CRISPRi

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi) is a new type of transcriptional repression technology. The system contains RNA-mediated DNA endonuclease dCas9 and specific single guide RNA (sgRNA) for the target gene. The DNA recognition complex recognizes the corresponding DNA sequence to suppress transcription of the target gene. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) is a key metabolic enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC) and plays an important role in the carbon metabolism of Mycobacteria. In this study, icd knockdown (ICD-KD) strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) was constructed by using CRISPRi to efficiently inhibit the expression of mycobacterial specific genes. The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting showed the significant decrease in the transcriptional level and protein expression level of ICD, indicating that M. smegmatis ICD-KD strain was constructed successfully by using CRISPRi technique. The growth rate of ICD-KD strain decreased significantly. At the same time, enzyme activity of ICD decreased significantly. It is suggested that CRISPRi technology could rapidly construct knockdown strains of essential mycobacterial genes, laying an important foundation for the subsequent study of mycobacterial ICD function in the carbon source metabolic pathway and carbon flux flow in the TAC.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 207-212 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2533KB] ( 556 )
213 LU Bin1, WANG Si1, YANG Rongli2, CHEN Mengnan2, LI Pingjing2, LI Lei2, LU Hailong2, YANG Rongsheng3, DENG Lihua3
Clinical analysis of bloodstream infection in elderly patients with Escherichia coli infection

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features and drug sensitivity of elderly patients with bloodstream infection by Escherichia coli (E. coli) . The medical records of 340 elderly patients with E. coli infection in The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2013 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. SPSS software was used for analysis. The results showed that the patients were all associated with underlying diseases (malignant diseases, hypertension, diabetes, lung infections, etc.). The main routes of infection were digestive tract (38.5%), respiratory tract (36.8%) and urinary tract (22.6%). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains were detected in 96 cases (28.2%). The isolated strains were mostly resistant to ampicillin, chemitrim ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, the 3rd generation of cephalosporins, and levofloxacin, but were sensitive to carbapenems.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 213-219 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 735KB] ( 588 )
220 LUO Bin1,3, QIAN Kai1,3, XU Wanxiang2, TANG Haiping2, JI Chaoneng1,3, XIE Yi1,3, GU Shaohua1,3
Tandem expression of four avian influenza M2e polypeptides and effects of oral immunization in mice

In order to develop a universal oral vaccine for bird flu, four avian influenza virus-specific matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) polypeptides were serially ligated with the mucosal immune adjuvant CTA1-DD, expressed in prokaryotic cells and purified as CTA1DD-AVI4M2e fusion protein. The BALB/c mice were orally immunized with the fusion protein CTA1DD-AVI4M2e. The results showed that the intestinal fluid IgA antibody titer and serum IgG antibody titer in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The specific IgG antibody titer in the serum was about 360 times;in the first, second, and third segmented intestinal fluid, the IgA antibody titers were about 360 times, 120 times and 9 720 times, respectively. The results demonstrate that CTA1DD-AVI4M2e has a significant oral immune effect, providing the basis for further studies.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 220-226 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2823KB] ( 632 )
 
Case Analysis
227 QIU Ju, LI Juan, GAO Yuan, WANG Kaijin
One case of broncholithiasis with Nocardia cyriacigeorgica infection

The present paper aims to review the diagnosis and treatment of one case of broncholithiasis with Nocardia cyriacigeorgica infection, and the relevant literatures, and to raise the awareness of this disease. The patient was calculus body habitus. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed endobronchial high-density shadow. After broncholithiasis was confirmed by painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoscopic lithotripsy was performed to remove the stones for pathological biopsy. At the same time, sputum smears, sputum cultures were conducted to find the pathogens. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica was successfully cultured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. After the administration of sensitive drugs for three months the patient was clinically recovery. Broncholithiasis with Nocardia cyriacigeorgica pneumonia is extremely rare. To treat this case the clinicians should consider that the presence of endobronchial stones may lead to structural diseases, resulting in low local immunity and causing Nocardia cyriacigeorgica infection. For such disease, it is recommended to take fiberoptic bronchoscopy, lavage fluid smear, acid-fast staining, and lavage fluid culture as soon as possible to obtain etiological evidence. After the infection is controlled, lithotripsy under bronchoscope should be performed as soon as possible to correct local structural changes and reduce the incidence of reinfection.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 227-232 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 15774KB] ( 439 )
 
Review
233 ZHANG Yi, WANG Xiaowen, LI Ruoyu
Progress in CARD9 mutation and fungal infections

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), one of the CARD family members, is an essential adapter in myeloid cells, and is expressed in various tissues, including the spleen, liver, placenta, lung and brain. By forming a complex with Bcl-10 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), CARD9 mediates C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)-triggered intracellular signaling and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, which is therefore crucial in antifungal immunity. Evidence indicates that CARD9 mutations lead to increased susceptibility to various fungal infections. To date, 18 missense and nonsense CARD9 mutations have been reported in 56 patients from 14 countries, which is linked with a variety of fungal infections including Candida, Dermatophytes, Dematiaceous fungi, Aspergillus, etc. This review aims to summarize recent progress in CARD9 mutation and different fungal infections.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 233-244 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5660KB] ( 623 )
245 GUO Chipeng,LU Chun,ZHU Guoxing
Research progress on drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum

Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) is an opportunistic pathogen. At present, the study of its resistance mechanisms mainly includes the detection of the related drug-resistance mutation sites for quinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines, and the influence of biofilm on the drug susceptibility. In recent years, some researchers have applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technology to explore the drug-resistance sequence types of U. urealyticum. Rapid identification of drug-resistant strains is an urgent clinical need for rational choice of antimicrobial agents.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 245-249 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 435KB] ( 499 )
250 WANG Jianbin,LI Qihan
Langerhans cells and viral infections

Langerhans cells situated in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin and mucosal tissue are members of a family of highly specialized antigen-presenting cells called dendritic cells. Langerhans cells are the only dendritic cells detected in epidermis for ingesting, processing and presenting of antigens, and T cell responses. In this article, we review the biological functions of Langerhans cells and their roles in various viral infections.

2018 Vol. 13 (4): 250-256 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 548KB] ( 609 )
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