JOURNAL OF MICROBES AND INFECTION

微生物与感染

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	2021 Vol.16 No.1
	Published 2021-02-25

	New Year Greetings Original Article Review

) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 182KB] ( 389 )

Original Article

	2	FENG Jingjing, CHEN Jiajun, SHI Tianyun, HE Yanchao, JIE Zhijun

		Anti-interleukin-33 treatment limits acute exacerbation induced by respiratory syncytial virus
		To study the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in acute exacerbation of allergic asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Female BALB/c mice aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into five groups: PBS control; RSV infection; asthma mice model (sensitized and challenged by 1% ovalbumin); asthma model with RSV infection and treated with control antibody; asthma model with RSV infection and treated with anti-IL-33 antibody. Lung specimens were collected. The Lung sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin to observe the changes of lung inflammation. il-13, il-4, rorγt, foxp3, ifnγ and il-33 mRNA expressions in the lung tissue were determined by real-time PCR. IL-13、IL-4、IL-33、IFN-γ and IL-17 level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were measured by ELISA. Histological examination of lung tissue demonstrated that anti-IL-33 significantly inhibited allergen-induced lung inflammation. Both mRNA and protein level of IL-33 and IL-4 were significantly increased in the RSV asthma group. Treatment with anti-IL-33 significantly reduced the concentrations of IL-4, IL-13 and IL-17 compared with administration of a control antibody. The mRNA expression of il-13, il-4, rorγt, and foxp3 were also decreased. There was no change with IFN-γ expression. Our results demonstrated that anti-IL-33 antibodies can prevent the development of asthma in a mouse model, and blockade of IL-33 could be a new therapeutic strategy for acute exacerbation of allergic asthma.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 2-9 [Abstract] ( 86 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9382KB] ( 279 )

	10	WANG Jiaqi1, HU Xuce2, LIU Yangang1, CHEN Shenglin3, REN Hao1, QI Zhongtian1

		Preliminary study on the role of membrane transport molecules ABCC3 and SLC7A7 in enterovirus A71 infection EV72 infection
		Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). There are no specific and effective antiviral drugs for the treatment of HFMD. Studies have shown that cell membrane transport molecules are involved in virus invasion, replication and the release of infectious virus particles. In order to find the host factors that can effectively inhibit EV-A71 infection, human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) were used as target cells, and RNA interference was used to downregulate the expression of transport-related membrane proteins. The data showed that ATP-binding cassette transport subfamily C member 3 (ABCC3) and solute carrier family 7 member 7 (SLC7A7) played important roles in EV-A71 infection in Caco-2 cells, which provided potential targets for the prevention and treatment of EV-A71 infection.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9177KB] ( 231 )

	19	HAN Jing1,2, JIANG Zhongsheng3, WANG Gang2,5, ZHANG Peng3, HU Jiaguang3, WEI Wudi2,6, ZHANG Hong1,2, HE Jinhao1,2, LI Yueqi1,2, NING Chuanyi2,4, LIANG Hao1,2

		Characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients combined with Talaromyces marneffei infection in Guangxi and application of rapid screening of Mp1p antigen
		The present paper aims to investigate the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients combined with Talaromyces marneffei (TM) infection in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and to evaluate a TM antigen detection kit. The information of 200 HIV/AIDS patients including 20 patients combined with TM infection from Liuzhou People’s Hospital was collected. The overall TM infection rate was 10%, and TM infection rate was higher in the patients with lower CD4^＋ T counts. In the patients with CD4^＋ T counts ≤50/μL, TM infection rate could be as high as 29%. The CD4^＋ T count, lymphocyte, hemoglobin, albumin, and platelet levels in HIV/AIDS patients combined with TM infection were significantly lower than those HIV/AIDS patients without TM infection (P<0.001). In contrast aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and D-dimer were significantly increased in HIV/AIDS patients combined with TM infection (P<0.05). A TM antigen detection kit was used to detect TM in 118 plasma samples and 111 pharyngeal swab samples, and the results were compared with pathogenic culture results. For plasma samples, the sensitivity was 80% (95% CI: 51.1-94.7) and the specificity was 97.1% (95% CI: 91.1-99.2). For pharyngeal swab samples, the sensitivity was 41.7% (95% CI: 16.5-71.4) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI: 0.95-1). The results showed that the TM antigen detection kit has good sensitivity and high specificity for plasma sample detection, which maybe suitable for the clinical screening of TM infection. It is recommended that HIV/AIDS patients with low CD4^＋ T counts should be screened for Mp1p antigen as soon as possible for early detection and early treatment, and to reduce the mortality.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 19-25 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 837KB] ( 383 )

	26	CUI Zelin1, Sebastian Leptihn2, LI Mingyue3, GUO Mingquan4, GAO Jing5, LI Qingtian6, ZENG Lingbing7, ZHOU Yuhua8, WEI Yanxia9, GUO Xiaokui10, Nigel Temperton11, FENG Tingting12

		Feasibility for SARS-CoV-2 tests in the hospital: an Exposure Analysis and Critical Control Points approach
		This work aims to assess the feasibility of performing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA tests in hospitals and communities experiencing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreaks, to ultimately provide recommendations for hospitals with so-called fever clinics. In China, these specialized clinics within a hospital specifically receive outpatients with fever symptoms. A team with expertise in the Exposure Analysis and Critical Control Points (EACCP) framework identified potential infection routes during the testing for SARS-CoV-2, then constructed and tested flow diagrams, which were confirmed under actual conditions, demonstrating the feasibility to carry out in hospitals with fever clinics. The team determined critical control points to mitigate the exposure risks at each control point. The sampling and inactivation steps of clinical samples in fever clinics appeared to be associated with particularly high-risk levels of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Moderate exposure levels were associated with storage and transportation of samples for inactivation. Low-risk levels associated with the transportation, storage, and detection steps after inactivation. To minimize infection risks for personnel, we proposed optimized processes to carry out SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests in hospitals with fever clinics in China. The high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure during procedures preceding testing is the sampling and biological inactivation. Simultaneously, full personal protective equipment and biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) laboratories in fever clinics or mobile BSL-2 laboratories could reduce the risk. Implementing the EACCP framework could facilitate rapid responses to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 26-36 [Abstract] ( 56 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 862KB] ( 211 )

	37	CHEN Run, BAI Jiacheng, DI Yuchang, QIAN Jianing, BI Jing, ZHANG Xuelian

		Biological characteristics of a recombinant strain overexpressing ribosomal-protein-alanine acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Ribosomal-protein-alanine acetyltransferase (RimI) is a member of GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) which is encoded by rimI gene. The biological function of RimI in M．tb is still not clear. In order to explore the biological characteristics of RimI and its role in the virulence of M．tb, Mycobacterium smegmatis (M.sm) was selected as a model strain to construct a recombinant strain Msm∷pMV261-rimI. The difference in growth rate, colony morphology, and biofilm formation between Msm∷pMV261 and Msm∷pMV261-rimI were analyzed in vitro. Their resistance to hypoxia, acidic pH, dithiothreitol (DTT), H₂O_2,sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and intracellular survival ability during the infection of macrophages in Raw264.7 cell line were explored. Compared with the Msm∷pMV261 strain, the growth curve and biofilm forming of the Msm∷pMV261-rimI strain were slowed down in the early and middle growth stages, but the late maturity of biofilm was not affected. Moreover, the Msm∷pMV261-rimI strain not only increased its resistance to acidic or hypoxic stress, its intracellular survival ability was also enhanced during the infection of macrophages in Raw264.7 cell line. Altogether, the results indicated that the rimI gene played an important role in biofilm formation, stress resistance and intracellular survival of M．tb, suggesting that rimI gene may be a virulence factor related to the pathogenicity of M．tb.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 37-44 [Abstract] ( 36 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7541KB] ( 303 )

	45	ZHAO Linshan, XU Guangjian, CHEN Junwen, SUN Xiang, DENG Qiwen, YU Zhijian, LI Duoyun

		In vitro antimicrobial activity of tetracycline against clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae
		The present paper aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of tetracycline against clinical Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) isolates. A total of 136 S. agalactiae isolates were collected retrospectively in Nanshan People’s Hospital between 2014 and 2017. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tetracycline were determined by agar dilution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Tet-specific resistance factors and housekeeping genes. The strains were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The results showed that the resistance rate of S. agalactiae isolates to tetracycline was 46.32% (63/136), and the tetracycline-resistant strains mainly carried tetM. The dominant ST types were ST17 and ST19 strains. The antimicrobial activity of tetracycline against ST17 strains was significantly higher than ST19 strains. It is concluded that the tetracycline resistance in S. agalactiae isolates is associated with tetM gene and the dominant strains are ST17 strains and ST19 strains.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 45-49 [Abstract] ( 77 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 465KB] ( 274 )

Review

	50	WANG Qiqi, LI Ruoyu, LIU Wei

		Infectious complications associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology
		In recent years, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for tumor immunotherapy has received widespread attention. The development of checkpoint blocking antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has brought great hope for the treatment of melanoma and other tumors. There is no evidence that immune checkpoint inhibitors increase the risk of infection, but the upregulation of immune function leads to a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) which requires immunosuppressive therapy, and may lead to opportunistic infection. Cases of latent or chronic infection reactivation in the absence of irAEs have been reported. In this review, we focus on the phenomena, possible mechanisms and related prevention and treatment strategies of infectious complications associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 50-56 [Abstract] ( 68 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2640KB] ( 321 )

	57	SHU Jinhui1, ZHANG Junling2, ZHAO Jun2, WANG Mingli2

		Research progress on the anti-inflammatory effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated gene/inducible protein 6
		Inflammatory injury is a key pathological factor for many clinical diseases, which can often cause serious complications or death. However, traditional clinical methods are rare and with limited therapeutic effects. Recent studies show that tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated gene inducible protein 6 (TSG-6) can participate in many inflammatory processes through its association with different ligands in vivo, and play an important role in anti-inflammatory and promoting extracellular matrix remodeling. In this review, we focus mainly on the basic biological characteristics and mechanism of TSG-6, and summarize its anti-inflammatory effects in pathologic scars, neuroinflammation, atherosclerosis and joint inflammation.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 57-62 [Abstract] ( 79 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 727KB] ( 330 )

	63	FENG Yuwei1, ZHANG Feng2，3，1, WANG Xuesong3，4，1, XIA Yanping2，3, HUA Jiao5，1, CAO Hong1，2，3，6

		The “intestinal mechanism” of anti-diabetes drugs
		Diabetes is one of the most serious public health problems in China. Recently, growing evidence demonstrated that gut microbiota are closely involved in the onset and development of type 2 diabetes. Studies also indicated that anti-diabetic drugs can achieve the effect of lowering blood glucose by modulating gut microbiota to carry out “molecular dialogue” with the host. This paper summarized the recent publications related to the intestinal mechanism of anti-diabetic drugs.
		2021 Vol. 16 (1): 63-70 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 817KB] ( 391 )

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