Poliomyelitis is a global threat to children’s health. Significant progress has been made in global polio prevention and control since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative by the World Health Assembly in 1988. The main problems facing our country in maintaining a polio-free state at present are vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and polio vaccine-derived virus (VDPV). The progress made in the eradication of poliomyelitis, the control strategies in the process of polio eradication, especially the experience of using polio vaccine in different countries and regions, and the challenges faced in the final phase of polio eradication were reviewed in this paper. Achieving the goals of polio eradication will rely on scientific evaluation, timely adjustment of polio immunization strategy, efforts to eliminate vaccination hesitancy and increasing the vaccination rate.