Abstract Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) can cause fatal Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis (HSE), and some patients may experience severe neurological sequelae even with antiviral treatment. The effective control and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, with the activation and regulation of T cells playing a major role in adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, innate immunity also plays a crucial role in suppressing virus replication and spread. In this context, we review relevant studies on the immune response characteristics and mechanisms in HSE, summarizing the protective and damaging effects of the immune system on the body during HSE. This provides insights for further research into new mechanisms or the discovery of novel immunotherapies.
Received: 28 November 2023
Published: 25 February 2024