Intestine is the largest digestive organ of human, providing essential nutrients for growth. The intestinal immune system has unique immunological characteristics and plays a key role in resisting environmental toxins and protecting against potential invading pathogens. Inflammasome is important protein complexes of innate immune system, participating in host defense response to pathogens and maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. In this review, the intestinal mucosal immune system and the role of inflammasome in intestinal mucosal immunity are summarized.