Objective To analyze the effects of different probiotic treatments on intestinal microecology and immune function of neonates with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Methods 80 neonates with antibiotic-associated diarrhea treated in our hospital between January 2022 and January 2024 were collected as study subjects. It was divided into an observation group and a control group of 40 cases each according to the method of treatment. The observation group was treated with Clostridium typhimurium two-live bacterial powder, and the control group was treated with Bifidobacterium bifidum three-live bacterial powder. Compare the treatment effect, intestinal flora and immune function changes of the two groups. Results There was no difference in the comparison of gender, age, weight, vomiting, fever and the time from the start of antibiotics to the appearance of diarrhea between the two groups of children (P>0.05). The observation group had a higher overall effective rate than the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the counts of Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium before treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). The counts of lactobacilli, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and eubacteria increased in both groups after treatment, and they were higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in IgA, IgG and IgM before treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). The IgA, IgG, and IgM of the children in both groups increased after treatment, and the observation group was better than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Different probiotics have good effect in treating newborns with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, among which Clostridium typhimurium diphtheriae has the most obvious effect on the intestinal microecology and immune function of the children.

This study aims to construct a pseudovirus mutation library of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector system, in order to screen potential immune escape variants and identify critical mutation sites, thereby providing scientific evidence for vaccine development and epidemic prevention and control. A random mutagenesis kit was employed to introduce random mutations into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Wuhan strain S protein, followed by the construction of a pseudovirus plasmid library and subsequent virus rescue using the VSV vector system. Immune escape variants were screened through serum pressure and limited dilution methods, with their mutation sites validated by sequencing. Results demonstrated the successful construction of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus plasmid library, achieving a positive rate of 98%. Immune escape variants carrying single mutations such as E484K, F486I, G339S, and S477R, as well as double mutations including E484K+K444Q and E484K+K462R, were identified. Some escape variants exhibited significant resistance to neutralizing sera, with a marked reduction in neutralizing titers observed for the E484K single mutant and E484K-related double mutants. This study confirms the feasibility of screening immune escape variants through the construction of a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus mutation library and elucidates their potential escape mechanisms and epidemic characteristics. These findings provide important insights into understanding the evolutionary trends of SARS-CoV-2 and offer scientific support for optimizing vaccine development and epidemic prevention strategies.

Arboviruses are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods and infect vertebrates through insect bites. Its global prevalence and recurrence threaten human life and health. However, the pathogenic mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Neutrophils, as the most numerous leukocytes in the body, are the first to arrive at the site of infection after pathogen invasion, and play a role in the immune response through a variety of anti-infective mechanisms, including phagocytosis of pathogens, production of cytokines and antimicrobial substances, respiratory outbreaks, and secretion of NETs, which is an important member of the body's defence against pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is worth noting that excessive activation of neutrophils may also lead to a strong inflammatory response, which not only fails to control the infection effectively, but also causes damage to host tissues and further aggravates the severity of the infection. Previous knowledge of the role of neutrophils was mostly limited to fighting bacterial and fungal infections. However, it is only in recent years that their role in antivirus has been gradually revealed and valued. Therefore, its role and mechanism in controlling arboviral infections are not yet clear. In this paper, we present an overview of the role of neutrophils in arboviral infections and their possible effects on the host.

Helicobacter pylori (Hp), as a common gastric pathogen, has a high global infection rate and is the main cause of various gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer. The treatment of eradicating Hp infection NOt only improves the diseases related to gastric inflammation and intestinal microbiota disorders caused by it, but also reduces the risk of gastric cancer. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, the resistance of Hp continues to rise, increasing the failure rate of treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new treatment options or adjuvant drugs. Fucoidan has attracted much attention due to its unique biological functions and wide application fields. Research has found that Fucoidan has therapeutic and preventive effects on Hp infection related gastritis and intestinal microbiota disorders. This article elaborates on the main role and related mechanisms of Fucoidan in antagonizing Hp infection, including direct inhibition, reduction of inflammatory response, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, and regulation of gut microbiota. It provides a theoretical basis for Fucoidan to become an effective drug for treating Hp infection and aims to incorporate it into the treatment plan for eradicating Hp infection.

【Abstract】 Objective: By using high-throughput culture and high-throughput sequencing to detect the composition of vaginal microbiota in healthy women and patients with bacterial vaginosis, compare the differences in detection results between the two methods to provide evidence for the role of culturomics in vaginal microecology research and clinical disease diagnosis and treatment. Method: Collect vaginal secretions from 10 healthy women and 10 women with bacterial vaginosis, and use 7 different culture media for high-throughput culture of vaginal secretions. Use Clin-ToF time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification. Simultaneously, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V1V2 variable domain was performed directly on all samples. Result: 1. After culturing 20 vaginal secretion samples using culture omics, 35 bacterial genera were identified, with 98 bacterial species at the species level. A total of 17 Lactobacilli were cultured in all samples, of which 9 were detected in both groups. The top three detected strains in the healthy group were Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii, and Lactobacillus iners. And in the 5 samples, both Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii were cultured simultaneously. The top three detected in the BV group were Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus jensenii, and Lactobacillus psittaci. 2. Using the V1V2 domain of the 16S rRNA gene, high-throughput sequencing was performed on the 20 vaginal microbial samples mentioned above, a total of 18 genera were detected in all samples, of which Lactobacillus genus was detectable in all samples, and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus genus exceeded 50% in 12 samples. 3. Among the 20 vaginal microbiota samples, only 9 bacterial genera were identified simultaneously through culture and high-throughput sequencing. Conclusion: By using high-throughput culturomics and high-throughput sequencing methods to simultaneously detect the vaginal microbiota of all samples, the results showed significant differences. High throughput culture has a higher detection rate of bacterial genera and species, and can cultivate lactobacilli with low or undetectable high-throughput sequencing content. Therefore, the use of high-throughput culture groups will have higher application value in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis and the study of vaginal microbiota.

Objective To discuss the serotype distribution and drug resistance of nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) infection in children in Tangshan City from 2022 to 2024. Methods: From January 2022 to December 2024, 235 children diagnosed with NTS infection in our hospital were served as subjects. The basic characteristics of the children were statistically explored, and the cultured NTS were subjected to serotype and drug sensitivity tests to analyze the drug resistance of NTS detected in different years. Results In 2022, 2023, and 2024, 79, 84, and 72 cases of NTS infection were detected in the Tangshan area, respectively, with no conspicuous difference in the proportions of male and female cases (P>0.05). Among 235 children with NTS infection, those < 1 year old accounted for the highest proportion (45.53%), while those aged 1-2 years (excluding 2 years) accounted for 29.79%. From 2022 to 2024, the NTS infection rate among children in the Tangshan area was highest in summer and lowest in winter. The serotype test showed that a total of 17 serotypes were detected in 235 children with NTS infection, of which 51.91% were Salmonella typhimurium and 15.32% were Salmonella enteritis. The drug sensitivity test revealed that 235 NTS strains had the highest resistance rate to ampicillin (average value was 77.02%), a relatively high resistance rate to compound sulfamethoxazole (average value was 48.09%), and a relatively low resistance rate to antibiotics such as ceftriaxone (average value was 16.60%) and ceftazidime (average value was 22.55%). There was no conspicuous difference (P>0.05) in the resistance rates of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritis to eight antibiotics, including ampicillin. Conclusion: The serotypes of NTS infected children in Tangshan city are mainly Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritis. NTS strains have a high resistance rate to ampicillin and compound sulfamethoxazole. In clinical practice, antibiotics should be selected reasonably based on the serotype and resistance of NTS infected children to avoid overuse of antibiotics.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasite that can infect mucosal epithelial cells such as the urethra, vagina, and nasopharynx, as well as the conjunctiva, causing diseases such as trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis, and neonatal conjunctivitis. Among them, L2 CT can cause sexually transmitted lymphogranuloma, which is more invasive than other serotypes and requires long-term treatment, receiving widespread attention. Research has shown that the production of erythropoietin producing hepatocyte receptor A2 (EphA2) on the cell surface can mediate the adhesion and invasion of CT L2, and interfering with their interaction can significantly reduce the infection of CT L2. This study conducted bioinformatics analysis on human cervical epithelial cells infected with CT L2 and found that EphA2 expression was significantly upregulated in the infected group. This study successfully constructed, expressed, and purified a bivalent antibody targeting EphA2, named as EphA2-scFv-Fc. Through ELISA experiments, it was confirmed that there is a dose-dependent specific binding between EphA2-scFv-Fc and EphA2 receptors on the surface of CT L2 susceptible cells HUVEC. This study not only revealed the crucial role of EphA2 in the process of CT infection, but also successfully developed bivalent antibodies that can specifically target EphA2, providing an important foundation for the treatment of CT L2 infection.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a large group of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Currently, over three billion people worldwide live in endemic areas, posing a growing threat to human health. The most representative members of this group include Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). These viruses have not only caused multiple large-scale outbreaks but have also significantly impacted human reproductive health and fetal development. Therefore, this article will focus on the basic characteristics of the aforementioned viruses and the potential threats their transmission routes pose to reproductive health, aiming to provide scientific references for public health interventions and individual protection.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can infect the nervous system, but there are few reports of cerebral infarction caused by VZV in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. This paper reported a case of an AIDS patient who initially presented with herpes zoster neuralgia without a rash. After antiviral treatment with acyclovir for VZV, pain relief, and antiretroviral treatment with Bictegravir Sodium/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Tablets (BIC/FTC/TAF) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The patient improved and was discharged. After 8 days, the patient developed a fever along with unclear speech, nausea, and vomiting. VZV-related meningoencephalitis was confirmed through lumbar puncture and magnetic resonance imaging. The VZV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid reached 44,251 copies/mL. Ganciclovir, foscarnet sodium, acyclovir (anti-VZV), and dexamethasone (anti-inflammatory) were administered sequentially. After improvement, acyclovir, an anti-VZV medication, was taken orally.Thirty five days later, the patient suffered from acute cerebral infarction in the left frontoparietal lobe, resulting in paralysis of the right limb and aphasia. Lumbar puncture showed that the cerebrospinal fluid contained 1200 copies/ml of VZV DNA. Ganciclovir combined with foscarnet sodium for anti-VZV, BIC/FTC/TAF for anti-HIV, methylprednisolone for anti-inflammatory purposes, aspirin for antiplatelet effects, and atorvastatin for plaque stabilization showed improvement. AIDS patients with VZV infection may develop cerebral infarction. Therefore, close attention should be paid to the patients with neurological symptoms to reduce the mortality and disability rate of such patients.

A recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever, triggered by imported cases, was reported in Shunde district of Foshan city, Guangdong province, resulting in thousands of infections. The causative agent, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is a mosquito-borne alphavirus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos. CHIKV infection in humans manifests clinically as fever, rash, and persistent arthritis, and the virus is classified as a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) pathogen. Climate change has facilitated the expansion of mosquito vectors, escalating the risk of CHIKV transmission. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral therapies are available in China, leaving personal protection and vector control as the sole preventive strategies. To address this re-emerging threat, this review synthesizes current knowledge on CHIKV, including its virological traits, global epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and advances in vaccine and therapeutic development, offering insights for outbreak preparedness and response.

Objective: to compare the differences in drug resistance, virulence, and genomics between carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and carbapenem-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae (CSKP) isolated from intensive care units (ICUs), providing scientific evidence for understanding the epidemiological characteristics of CRKP, optimizing treatment strategies, and developing preventive and control measures.Methods: From January 2019 to January 2024, a total of 260 non-duplicate strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), including 150 CRKP and 110 CSKP, isolated from bacterial cultures in our hospital's ICU were selected as the study subjects. The differences in drug sensitivity between CRKP and CSKP were compared. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for drug resistance genes, virulence genes, and capsule serotypes. The string test was performed to assess the hypermucoid phenotype. The genomic characteristics and distribution of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-HVKP) were analyzed.Results: The drug resistance rates of CRKP were higher than those of CSKP for β-lactams (PIP, PSL, AMC), carbapenems (IMP, ETP, MRP), aminoglycosides (GM), amphenicols (AMK), quinolones (CIP, LVX), tetracyclines (TE), macrolides (MIN), and sulfonamides (SXT) (P<0.05). Among CRKP strains, metallo-β-lactamases accounted for 30%, and non-metallo-β-lactamases accounted for 66.7%. The hypermucoid phenotype was observed in 22.0% of CRKP strains and 78.0% had a low-mucoid phenotype; for CSKP, the hypermucoid phenotype was observed in 47.3% and 52.7% had a low-mucoid phenotype. The positive rates of virulence genes rmpA, aerobicition, magA, allS, Kfu, and entB were higher in CSKP than in CRKP (P<0.05), while the positive rate of ybtS was higher in CRKP than in CSKP (P<0.05). The positive rates of drug resistance genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, and blaOXA-48 were much higher in CRKP than in CSKP (P<0.05). The positive rates of capsule serotypes K1, K2, K5, K54, and K57 were higher in CSKP than in CRKP (P<0.05).Conclusion: Given the high drug resistance and complex genotype of CRKP, clinical treatment should consider multiple factors comprehensively, develop reasonable treatment plans, and strengthen the monitoring and prevention of drug resistance to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce resistance.

Abstract: objective:To investigate the trends in resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and analyze the carbapenemase genes blaNDM and blaKPC as well as resistant genes. Methods: This study included 700 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacterial infections treated at our hospital from January 2017 to December 2023. Among them, 350 patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacterial infections who met the criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2015 edition were selected as the study group, and 350 non-resistant patients were selected as the control group. The risk factors for resistance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, trends in resistance rates, the resistance situation of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and the distribution of resistance genes were analyzed. Results:Statistical significance was observed in the differences between the study group and the control group in terms of hypertension (χ2=57.461, P=0.000), diabetes (χ2=5.079, P=0.024), hyperlipidemia (χ2=7.451, P=0.007), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (χ2=47.801, P=0.000), duration of hospitalization (t=66.029, P=0.000), APACHE II score (t=59.462, P=0.000), duration of mechanical ventilation (t=70.986, P=0.000), types of antibiotics used (t=37.951, P=0.000), endotracheal intubation (χ2=8.721, P=0.003), urinary catheterization (χ2=16.641, P=0.000), use of glucocorticoids (χ2=6.091, P=0.014), and albumin levels (t=104.655, P=0.000) (P＞0.05). Refer to Table 1 for details. Multifactorial analysis revealed that hypertension (OR=0.313), diabetes (OR=0.320), hyperlipidemia (OR=0.299), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR=0.362), duration of hospitalization (OR=0.339), APACHE II score (OR=0.351), duration of mechanical ventilation (OR=0.345), types of antibiotics used (OR=0.303), endotracheal intubation (OR=0.349), urinary catheterization (OR=0.359), use of glucocorticoids (OR=0.339), and albumin levels (OR=0.318) were all identified as risk factors for Enterobacteriaceae bacterial resistance in patients.Analysis of the trends in Enterobacteriaceae bacterial resistance in the respiratory department, intensive care unit, and neurology department from 2017 to 2023 showed a significant upward trend in the respiratory department (χ2=14.307, P=0.000), intensive care unit (χ2=17.864, P=0.000), and neurology department (χ2=13.763, P=0.000). Analysis of Enterobacteriaceae bacterial resistance revealed resistance primarily to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin, and

Objective To analyze the infection subtype distribution of Human papillomavirus (HPV) among women in Suzhou area, and to describe the cervical cytology findings in HPV-positive women, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of HPV infection in Suzhou. Methods Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect 2852 cervical exfoliated cell specimens from women at Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, and its medical community unit, Tong'an Community Health Center, Suzhou High-tech Zone. from 2020 to 2021. The total HPV infection, age-specific infection characteristics, and genotype distribution were analyzed. Liquid-based cytology (TCT) was performed for all HPV-positive cases and classified according to TBS 2014. Results Among 2852 female subjects, 502 were HPV positive, with an infection rate of 17.60% (502/2852). Of these, 447 cases (89.04%) were single infections, and 55 cases (10.96%) were multiple infections. The age-specific infection rates were: 164 cases (5.75%) in 34-39 years old, 91 cases (3.19%) in 40-49 years old, 182 cases (6.38%) in 50-59 years old, and 65 cases (2.28%) in 60-65 years old. The top three HPV subtypes detected were: HPV52 (22.51%, 113/502), HPV58 (13.35%, 67/502), and HPV16 (9.76%, 49/502). Among 502 HPV-positive women, there were 71 cases of Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 19 cases of Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 1 case of High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and 1 case of Atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H). Conclusion The HPV positive rate among women in Suzhou area varies with age groups. The main infection types are high-risk subtypes and single infections, with HPV52, HPV58, and HPV16 being the predominant subtypes.

Objective: To explore the differences in gut microbiota between healthy preschool children with functional constipation (FC) and to further explore the group-specific association between gut microbiota and FC.