Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ranks eighth in the global burden of disease, making serious threats to global health. Curbing and ending the AIDS epidemic is outlined in ‘Healthy China 2030 Plan’ and listed as an important part of the Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations in 2030. Although China has made substantial progress in tackling the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, there are still considerable challenges, such as extended screening, early detection and diagnosis, limitations in the strategy of free anti-HIV treatment and refusal or withdrawal during the treatment. There are difficulties in prevention, such as high price of drugs and lack of vaccine. In terms of social support, social discrimination still exists and the participation of non-governmental organizations is limited. Given these situations, it is of great significance for China to design and formulate comprehensive strategies including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and social support for key populations such as men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and the elderly, and specific areas with high prevalence.