Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the most important pathogens clinically, which has caused a great threat to human health. In recent years, bacterial resistance is a major problem in the treatment of K. pneumoniae infections, especially the emergence of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. It has been reported that the resistance genes and virulence genes of K. pneumoniae were mainly transmitted by their mobile genetic elements. This review mainly introduces several common mobile elements on the genome of K. pneumoniae (including plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences, integrative and conjugative elements) and their relation to resistance and pathogenicity. The mechanisms in the spread of resistance genes and virulence genes are also reviewed, which will be helpful in understanding and controlling K. pneumonia infections.