This study aims to investigate the disinfection and sterilization effects of common disinfectants on common pathogens on smooth and porous surfaces in the environment, providing a basis for blocking the transmission routes of pathogens in the environment and formulating practical and effective disinfection technology pathways. In this experiment, the suspension quantitative sterilization method was used to detect the sterilization effects of 75% ethanol, 1% hydrogen peroxide, and 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant on common laboratory environmental bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) in different scenarios such as smooth and porous surfaces. In smooth scenarios, 1% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant showed significantly better disinfection effects than 75% ethanol and chlorine-containing disinfectant. When the action time was 1～5 minutes, its logarithmic reduction value was greater than 5, meeting the disinfection qualification requirements. On porous surfaces, when the action time of chlorine-containing disinfectant was 1～5 minutes, it showed high logarithmic reduction values (≥4) against different pathogens. Field experiments also found that the disinfection effect of chlorine-containing disinfectant was better than that of 1% hydrogen peroxide and 75% ethanol. Chlorine-containing disinfectant has a good disinfection effect and acts quickly, making it suitable for rapid disinfection of different surface structures in various scenarios. However, it is not environmentally friendly. When choosing a rapid disinfectant, a comprehensive assessment must be made based on its harmfulness to the environment, among other factors.