The present paper aims to investigate the clinical characterization of Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei cases in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Nine patients diagnosed as Penicillium marneffei infection at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, from January 2007 to August 2017 were retrospectively enrolled. The literatures published during the same time were also reviewed. The clinical presentation, laboratory results, diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Some patients were immunocompetent. The clinical presentations of Penicillium marneffei infection were similar in non-HIV patients and HIV patients, but most cases had a slow onset, and less fungemia. Pathology was characterized by granuloma and suppurative inflammation. Most patients were diagnosed by culture (8/9), and one patient was diagnosed by pathology and next-generation sequencing. The results suggest that Penicillium marneffei infection in non-HIV patients was increasing, and the physicians should pay more attention.