Abstract: Aim： To improve the understanding of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis infection after chemotherapy in children with leukemia. Methods： The clinical data of a child with acute B - lymphocytic leukemia (B - ALL) complicated with rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis during induction chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed. Results： A 3- year - old girl was diagnosed with B - ALL. During induction chemotherapy, she had repeated fever, eyelid swelling, nasal bleeding, eyelid ptosis, and blurred vision. She was diagnosed with rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis by nasal endoscopy and airway secretion culture and cranial enhanced MRI, and was given amphotericin B liposome IV drip, posaconazole oral administration, and amphotericin B intrathecal injection to used for fungal therapy. The infection was effectively controlled. Conclusion： Mucor is a kind of conditioned pathogenic fungi, which is more common in patients with low immunity. Mucor enters human body through nasal cavity and respiratory tract, which can invade paransal sinus and orbits, causing necrotizing inflammation and granuloma. It can also invade the brain directly or through the bloodstream, causing intracranial infection. The onset and the progression of mucormycosis is quickly, but the diagnosis is difficult, and it has a high mortality rate. Combined treatment with amphotericin B as the main drug and surgery can improve the prognosis.
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