A recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever, triggered by imported cases, was reported in Shunde district of Foshan city, Guangdong province, resulting in thousands of infections. The causative agent, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is a mosquito-borne alphavirus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos. CHIKV infection in humans manifests clinically as fever, rash, and persistent arthritis, and the virus is classified as a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) pathogen. Climate change has facilitated the expansion of mosquito vectors, escalating the risk of CHIKV transmission. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral therapies are available in China, leaving personal protection and vector control as the sole preventive strategies. To address this re-emerging threat, this review synthesizes current knowledge on CHIKV, including its virological traits, global epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and advances in vaccine and therapeutic development, offering insights for outbreak preparedness and response.