A 56 years old male with “sore throat” was treated in Xiangyang Central Hospital, he was once suspected lymphoma. With the progression of disease, manifestations such as fever, cough with sticky phlegm, weakness in lifting eyelids, distortion of commissure, melena, rash and lymphadenopathy occurred. After biopsy of mediastinal lymph node and pathogen culture, he was finally diagnosed as disseminated Talaromycosis caused by Talaromyces marneffei (TM). This study reviewed the literature on the pathology, clinical features, imaging features, pathogenesis, and new techniques for fungal laboratory testing of Talaromycosis, which may be beneficial for early diagnosis and treatment.