Rapid development of life sciences and the accelerating globalization process have benefited human society significantly. However, due to the dual-use characteristics of biotechnology and the aggravation of infectious diseases, a series of potential biosafety concerns are emerging worldwide. Along with the increasing complexity of the international situation, biosafety, one of the so-called non-traditional security issues, has become a key component of the national security system. This paper aims at dressing the challenges in the field of biosafety in China by analyzing the potential threats of typical dual-use biotechnology and the prevailing trends of the emerging infectious diseases. Meanwhile, considering significant attention and actions towards the biosafety issues, in terms of strategy, policy and technology, taken by the developed countries, several recommendations from the aspects of national strategic planning, scientific and technological innovation, team building and policy support are proposed, which will be valuable to the health and safe development of the dual-use biotechnology in the future.