Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and belongs to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. Since 2005, several high infection rate epidemics of CHIKV have been reported in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV infection causes fever and arthritis which usually lasts for months or even years, resulting in a big burden to patients and society. Besides mosquito-borne transmission, vertical transmission from pregnant women infected with CHIKV during pregnancy to fetus or neonatal were occasionally reported, which may lead to severe neurological sequelae of the newborn. Here, we will summarize the vertical transmission cases of CHIKV reported so far, review the relevant clinical manifestations, propose underlying modes and mechanisms, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the present animal model used in the field, and discuss the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this disease.