髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs)是一群表型异常、具有免疫抑制功能的髓系来源细胞。在进展期肿瘤、败血症、慢性感染等病理环境中，MDSCs大量扩增并通过多种途径抑制T淋巴细胞等免疫细胞的增殖、活化和迁移，MDSCs的数量与疾病进程和患者转归密切相关。通过单细胞测序、质谱流式等新技术，研究人员发现MDSCs和正常髓系细胞在表型标记分子、基因表达、能量代谢和调控通路上存在明显差异。特别是在肿瘤领域，MDSCs靶向治疗研究也取得了丰硕的成果。本文以MDSCs研究里程碑为起点，以MDSCs靶向治疗机制及其在感染性疾病中的作用为重点，对MDSCs新近研究成果进行综述。

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a population of myeloid-derived cells with specific markers and immunosuppressive functions. MDSCs can enrich under pathological conditions (e.g., advanced cancer, sepsis, and chronic infection) and suppress the proliferation, activation, and migration of T lymphocytes and other immune cells. The frequencies of MDSCs are significantly associated with disease development and patient outcomes. Through new detection methods including single cell sequencing and mass spectrometry, researchers have found significant differences in phenotypic markers, genetic expression, metabolism, and regulatory pathways between MDSCs and normal myeloid cells. Abundant achievements have been also obtained on therapies targeting MDSCs especially in cancer research. In this review, we start with milestones in MDSCs research, focus on the mechanisms of therapies targeting MDSCs and their roles in infectious diseases, and summarize recent achievements in MDSCs research.