人类结核病位居单一病原引起死亡的严重传染病之首，结核分枝杆菌是其主要病原。尽管结核分枝杆菌可引起许多种动物感染并患病，但人类是其主要宿主。动物模型作为研究人类疾病的标准化工具，虽然不能完全模拟人类结核病的整个过程，但可成为研究结核病的有用工具，有助于研究其发病机制、治疗过程及宿主对病原的免疫病理学反应。由于不同种类动物对结核分枝杆菌的敏感性不同，因此根据研究需要选择合适的动物模型非常必要。本文综述了结核病研究中最常用的动物模型, 包括豚鼠、小鼠、兔、非人灵长类和鱼类等，归纳了结核病各种动物模型的特点和研究概况。

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the major human pathogens for tuberculosis, with one-third of the world population being infected. Although this bacterium can infect and cause diseases in many animals, humans are the natural host. For the purpose of studying the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, as well as the immunopathology of host responses against this pathogen, suitable animal models play a pivotal role. In this paper, the research models widely used in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are elucidated, and their limitations and advantages are discussed.