人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染是侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的危险因素。尽管抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）在临床广泛应用，但IFI仍是艾滋病患者常见的机会性感染和死亡原因。艾滋病患者中常见的IFI有口腔及食管假丝酵母（又称念珠菌）病、肺孢子菌肺炎、隐球菌脑膜炎和马尔尼菲青霉病等。艾滋病合并IFI的诊断有其特殊性和复杂性，临床上需结合患者免疫状况、临床表现、影像学检查及真菌学检测结果来综合分析，不能将用于一般患者的诊断思维简单地应用于艾滋病患者，一些诊断技术的灵敏度和特异度须在艾滋病患者中重新评价。艾滋病合并IFI的治疗包括抗真菌和抗病毒治疗两个必不可少的方面，但应注意药物间的相互作用。IFI治愈或完成治疗疗程后，应根据病情决定是否需要维持抗真菌治疗以减少IFI复发。对于免疫功能极低的艾滋病患者，须根据病情预防性抗真菌治疗以预防某些IFI发生。艾滋病合并IFI的早期诊断技术与优化治疗策略有待进一步研究和探索。

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a risk factor for invasive fungal infections (IFIs). IFI remains one of the major opportunistic infections and a leading cause of infection-related mortality in HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in spite of the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The most common IFIs include mucocutaneous candidiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, and penicilliosis marneffei. Compared with non-HIV infection patients, the diagnosis of IFI in HIV patients is more complex and special. Diagnosis should be made through the combined analysis of the immune status of the patients, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations and mycological laboratory test results. The diagnostic methodology for IFI in non-HIV patients should not be simply applied in HIV patients, and the sensitivity and specificity of some diagnostic techniques should be re-evaluted in HIV patients. Antifungal therapy and HAART are the two essential aspects of the treatment of HIV coinfection with IFIs. Careful attention should be paid to drug interactions between antifungal agents and HAART. HIV patients who have completed the initial antifungal therapy should be administered chronic maintenance therapy with antifungal drugs according to CD4 cell counts, drug-drug interactions and side effects. HIV patients are highly vulnerable to IFIs, and chemoprophylaxis for high-risk patients with severe immunosuppression should be initiated to decrease the incidence of special IFIs in HIV patients. Early diagnosis and optimized treatment for IFIs in HIV patients need to be further studied and explored.