乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus，HBV)感染是全球性公共卫生健康问题之一，每年有超过88.7万人死于HBV相关性疾病。由于共价闭合环状DNA(covalently closed circular DNA，cccDNA) 在肝细胞核内持续存在，患者感染HBV后易出现慢性感染，增加了肝硬化以及肝细胞癌的发病风险，因此在治疗HBV感染的过程中密切关注cccDNA水平对于监测慢性乙型肝炎患者的病情有重要作用。然而，检测cccDNA须进行有创的肝脏穿刺操作，临床工作中难以广泛展开。现有研究表明，血清HBV RNA可以反映患者体内的cccDNA水平。本文就血清HBV RNA检测在慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗过程中的应用进展做以下综述。

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global public health problems, with nearly 887 000 deaths from HBV-associated disease each year. Due to the persistent presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nuclei of liver cells, patients infected with HBV are prone to chronic infection, which increases the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, closely monitoring cccDNA levels during the treatment of HBV infection plays an important role in assessing the condition of patients with chronic hepatitis B. In contrast, cccDNA testing requires invasive liver puncture to obtain, which is difficult to be widely performed in the clinical work. Existing studies have shown that serum HBV RNA can reflect the levels of cccDNA in patients. This article provides a review of the advances in the application of serum HBV RNA detection during the antiviral treatment process in patients with chronic hepatitis B.