机体的免疫力在清除感染微生物中起重要的作用，然而免疫功能的恢复或免疫失衡（包括免疫反应不足和免疫反应过度），都会对机体产生损害。免疫重建综合征（IRS, Immune reconstitution syndrome）是指，原有免疫抑制状态迅速缓解所激发的一系列免疫反应，从而导致局限性和系统性的表现，它常被误判为抗真菌治疗的失败。目前具有快速强效免疫调节剂在临床中得到广泛使用，使得IRS逐渐被人们所认识。IRS的概念强调了免疫失调及过度免疫反应会对机体造成损害，但在内源性抗感染免疫反应不足的情况下，给予适当的免疫调节治疗也是必要的。

Human immunity is basic in cleanuping the focus of infection. But, immunological rebuilding and an imbalanced immunity, lack or excessive expression of immune responses can also be deleterious to the body. Inflammatory responses caused by rapid recover of immunosuppression would induce a series of reactions and symptom, defined immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS), which are often misunderstood as failure of antifungal therapy. IRS has been increasingly recognized because of our current use of potent immunostimulators. The concept of IRS emphasize the bad effects of an excessive and dysregulated immune response, we also support a role of immunotherapies to regulate immunity if host responses is not enough for the control of infection.