自20世纪90年代以来，全球结核病疫情回升，结核耐药是其中的一个重要原因。广泛耐药结核是指在耐多药结核病（即同时对异烟肼和利福平耐药的结核分枝杆菌引起的结核病）的基础上，还对氟喹诺酮类药物和至少3种二线静脉用抗结核药物（卷曲霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星）中的1种耐药的结核分枝杆菌引起的结核病。我国是结核病高流行国家，耐药结核病，尤其是耐多药结核病给我国经济和生活带来了严重影响，而广泛耐药结核病的出现将进一步恶化结核病疫情的控制。目前尚缺乏对该疾病高敏感度、高特异度的诊断方法，治疗更困难，住院时间更长，治疗成本更高，且病死危险度是耐多药结核病患者的5.45倍，是结核病预防、控制的一大障碍，给全球结核病的控制带来极大挑战。

Since 1990s global tuberculosis epidemic has risen, and the appearance of drug-resistant tuberculosis was one of the important reasons. First it was seen the worldwide appearance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, then followed by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. MDR tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is resistant at least to isoniazid and rifampicin. XDR tuberculosis is defined as disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, any kinds of fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (amikacin, capreomycin, or kanamycin). This disease needs at least 4 to 5 drugs to treatment 18-24 months at minimum. Till now the gold standard for drug-susceptibility testing has been the agar proportion method, which needs 4-6 weeks for results to be determined. Other diagnosis technologies still have their disadvantages. The treatment for XDR tuberculosis has not been confirmly established. Some studies have found that XDR tuberculosis is 5.45-fold greater mortality risk than MDR tuberculosis. As one of the highest tuberculosis burden countries in the world, China is threatened by XDR tuberculosis. There is more work to do for this disease.