微小RNA(miRNA) 是一类内源性小RNA，通过结合mRNA 的3' 非翻译区对基因进行转录后的调节，具有广泛的生物学功能。已有研究表明，宿主miRNA 能调节人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV) 的基因表达，影响 HIV 的复制能力、感染性，并可能与HIV 的潜伏有关。与此同时， HIV 来源的病毒miRNA 同样在病毒的生活史以及病毒与宿主的相互作用中发挥重要作用。更多与HIV 相关的miRNA 仍然有待发现，其相应的调节机制也有待进步阐明。

microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously derived small RNAs that regulate the expression of mRNA via binding to its target sequence at mRNA 3' -untranslated regions (UTRs) and thereby play an important role in many biological activities in host cells. Studies have shown that cellular miRNAs can regulate the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and affect the replication and infection of HIV, and actively engage in the latency of HIV. Meanwhile, viral miRNAs produced by HIV-1 play an important role in regulating both the viral life cycle and the interaction between virus and host. However, more HIV-associated miRNAs remain to be discovered and their acting mechanisms need to be further addressed.