目前伤寒沙门菌引起的人类伤寒热在全球仍是一种严重危害人类健康的疾病，且近年来多重耐药伤寒沙门菌株频频出现，使伤寒热的治疗更加棘手。由于该菌具有严格的宿主特异性，及缺乏理想的动物模型，其致病机制的研究、疫苗及药物的研发受制约。新近研究发现，免疫系统人源化小鼠模型和诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因敲除小鼠模型可用于伤寒沙门菌的体内实验。本文就其应用现状及缺憾作一综述。

Typhoid fever is a classical human systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi). It was identified one hundread years agoand continues asa persistent global health problem. In addition to the disease burden and mortality, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. typhi now pose a new level of challenges. Because S. typhi is a human restricted pathogen, typhoid fever research has been limited due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Recently, humanized immune system (HIS) mice and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice emerge as two useful tools in the study of pathogenesis of S. typhi and immune responses. The merit and shortage of HIS and iNOS mice are reviewed in this article.