类鼻症是一种热带人畜共患病，以黏膜接触、吸入、摄入类鼻瘟伯克霍尔德菌的方式感染，临床表现为多发性脓肿、难治性肺炎及致死性败血症，病死率在40% 左右。主要流行区域在澳大利亚北部、东南亚，北美等地区也有散发病例报道。该病临床表现多样，转归迥异。极易误诊，抗生素耐药严重，治疗周期迁延及复发率高都是类鼻瘟诊疗中的难题。随着疫区输入性病例的增加和全球化的趋势，类鼻症的防治形势将变得更加严峻。鉴于临床医师尤其是非疫区医务人员对类鼻瘟疾病还很陌生，医护人员对病原感染的防护不足，本文结合最新文献报道，将类鼻症的诊疗及预防作简要综述，旨在加强医护人员对类鼻瘟疾病的认识，做好类鼻症的诊疗和预防以及个人防护。

Melioidosis, caused by the inoculation, inhalation and ingestion of Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a classical tropical amphixenosis characterized by multi-abscess , tough pneumonia and fatal septicemia. The mortality rate of this disease is up to 40%. Its endemic regions are mainly among North Australia, Southeast Asia, with sporadic cases reported from North America and other areas. Melioidosis may have a wide range of clinical manifestations, varying from an acute fulminant septic illness to a chronic infection. High misdiagnosis rate, high resistance rate and long period of antibiotic therarapy combined with high relapse rate are the major barriers to treatment . With the globalization and increasing risk of imported cases, it is necessary to effectively prevent and cure melioidosis. The current research progress and clinical advice are summarized in this paper.