自发现人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）30年来，科学家们不断探索有效的HIV-1疫苗，但至今效果不理想。由于精英患者的广谱中和血清能起到有效的抗病毒作用，研究人员希望通过对体液保护免疫机制的研究，推动疫苗的设计和优化，为尽早研发成功HIV疫苗提供关键理论和技术支撑。近几年来，由于技术的突破和改进，从HIV感染者中分离获得广谱中和抗体的概率和数量大大提高。本文针对近几年分离的有代表性的广谱中和抗体，根据其不同的识别位点分为四大类进行详细介绍，并总结了从研究广谱中和抗体中所获得的疫苗设计的创新思路与启示。

Antibody response is a crucial host defense against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in isolating and characterizing of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) from “elite neutralizers” who remain healthy despite of prolonged infection. These bnmAbs were found to target four major vulnerable sites on the envelope glycoprotein. Structural and functional characterization of these bnmAbs has provided critical foundation for our better understanding of protective antibody response in vivo. In the current review, we summarize the characteristics of these bnmAbs and discuss on their implications for rational design of novel HIV-1 vaccines capable of inducing antibodies similar to those bnmAbs.