微小RNA（miRNA）是一类非编码小RNA，长度为18～25个核苷酸，可结合mRNA的3′非翻译区，发挥着重要的转录后调控作用。miRNA涉及人类多种疾病的形成，因此迅速成为疾病诊断、预后评价的新一代生物标记及新型治疗靶点。在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）的疾病进展过程中，宿主miRNA可能通过直接干预病毒复制或免疫应答而影响宿主的临床转归。本文主要综述宿主miRNA作为HIV-1感染疾病进展预测标记和抗病毒治疗潜在靶标的研究进展。

microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small non-coding RNA with the length of 18-25 nucleotides, which plays an important role in regulating posttranscriptional level of genes through binding to 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. Given its involvement in the development of various human diseases, miRNAs are increasingly becoming new generation biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as novel therapeutic targets. The disease progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) might be modified by miRNA through regulating the viral replication or host immune responses induced by HIV-1 infection. Here, the progresses on host miRNAs as potential biomarkers of disease progression in HIV-1 infection, as well as potential targets for antiretroviral therapy are reviewed in the present paper.