随着微生物群(组)研究的兴起，人体微生物组对机体健康或疾病作用的探索一度呈井喷之势，但研究技术及分析方法仍处于起步阶段，需进一步深入。本文对微生物群和微生物组的概念进行了解释，阐述了人体微生物群与机体的相互作用模式，概括了微生物群与人体有关疾病的关系，提出了人体微生物组研究中的6个关键问题，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

Microbiota/microbiome has been one of the lead topics in science these years, and its impact on host health and disease became a frontier scientific issue. Albeit a large number of laboratories around the world are focusing on this task, most of the researches are lack of detailed mechanisms. In this review, we clarify and illustrate the concepts of microbiota/microbiome. We sketch the interaction mode of human microbiota with the host, and list the diseases which have been reported in the past. In addition, six critical issues are put forward, and the direction of this field is prospected.