疫苗的出现极大降低了感染性疾病的发病率和死亡率，显著保障了全球公共健康。本文系统回顾了疫苗的发展史，分析归纳了各类型疫苗的优缺点，并介绍了本实验室构建的一类具有广谱保护性的新型疫苗——精准设计疫苗。精准设计疫苗是一类应用高通量技术和反向遗传学技术，定向筛选病原体全基因组内特异位点、区域，进而精准设计的重组疫苗。基于个体基因、环境、生活方式等特征的精准医学引领了新一轮的医疗变革，而这种基于病原体或异常细胞的特定基因、蛋白、通路的精准设计疫苗则为疫苗的研发提供了全新的技术和思路，将推动疫苗学进入新时代。

The introduction of vaccines has greatly reduced the rates of morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases, and has a transformational effect on global human health. Here, we systematically review the history and development of vaccines, and analyze the advantages and drawbacks of different types of vaccines. Moreover, we detail a broadly protective vaccine type, which we dub precision-designed vaccine. Precision-designed vaccine is a high-throughput and reverse genetics based recombinant vaccine, which is precisely designed on a comprehensive functional characterization of a pathogen genome. Precision medicine, which takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle, leads to a new revolution in healthcare system. In like manner, the emerging precision-designed vaccine, targetting specific genes, proteins and pathways of pathogens or abnormal cells, sheds new light on the design of vaccines and can help usher in a new era of vaccinology.