2019年12月以来，武汉市暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19)疫情并迅速蔓延全国，2020年1月30日被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization，WHO)列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(public health emergency of international concern，PHEIC)。核酸序列分析证明COVID-19由新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus，2019-nCoV)引起。2019-nCoV为正链单链RNA病毒，基因组长约30 kb，两端为非编码区，中间为非结构蛋白编码区和结构蛋白编码区。非结构蛋白编码区主要包括开放读码框架(open reading frame，ORF)1a和ORF1b基因，编码16个非结构蛋白(non-structural proteins，NSP)，即NSP1～16。结构蛋白编码区主要编码刺突(spike，S)蛋白、包膜(envelope，E)蛋白、膜(membrane，M)蛋白和核衣壳(nucleocapsid，N)蛋白。深入了解2019-nCoV基因组的结构和蛋白功能，将为2019-nCoV相关的病毒溯源、复制增殖、致病免疫、药物与疫苗研发以及当前疫情的防控提供有力的支撑。

In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan and spread rapidly in China and some other countries and regions. World Health Organization declared it is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. Sequence and clinical analysis showed 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is the causative agent. 2019-nCoV is a single positive strand RNA virus with a genome of about 30 kb. The genome is composed of two untranslated regions at both ends and multiple encoding regions for non-structural proteins (NSPs) and structural proteins. ORF1a and ORF1b encode 16 NSPs. The structural proteins include spike (S) protein, envelope (E) protein, membrane (M) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. Understanding genomic structure and protein functions of 2019-nCoV would be helpful to explore 2019-nCoV’s traceability, replication and proliferation, pathogenic immunity, drug and vaccine development, as well as the current epidemic prevention and control.