呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是导致婴幼儿严重下呼吸道感染的最重要病原体，但该病毒的灭活疫苗可引起RSV疫苗增强性疾病(RVED)。RVED的机制目前仍不清楚。Toll样受体(TLR)及其信号转导对RSV的识别和宿主免疫的激发均有重要作用，其在RVED机制中的作用也日益受到关注。本文主要介绍TLR在抗RSV天然免疫和获得性免疫中的角色及其信号通路激活状态改变对RVED免疫格局的影响，提示RVED机制可能与TLR信号通路激活不足有关，从而为RSV疫苗研制提供新的策略和方法。

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important pathogen responsible for children’s severe lower respiratory tract infection worldwide. However, no vaccine has been licensed to prevent RSV infection as the inactivated RSV vaccine could enhance disease severity. The exact mechanism of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease (RVED) remains unclear. Since Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signal pathways play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, TLR-associated RVED mechanism has been proposed and is attracting more and more attentions of researchers. In this review, we summarized the main progress on the roles of TLRs in anti-RSV immunity and their signal pathways in affecting the immune status of mice with RVED, which may enlighten the vaccine design and development.