1型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type1，HSV-1)可以引起致命性的单纯疱疹病毒脑炎(herpes simplex virus encephalitis，HSE)，部分患者即使接受抗病毒治疗也会有严重的神经系统后遗症。有效抑制和清除HSV-1感染依赖于宿主的固有和适应性免疫反应，适应性免疫中T细胞的激活和调节起到主要作用，同时固有免疫也在抑制病毒复制和传播中起到重要作用。本文通过回顾HSE中免疫反应特征和机制的相关研究，对HSE中免疫系统对机体的保护和损伤作用进行了总结，为新的机制研究以及开发新的免疫疗法提供了思路。

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause fatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE), and some patients may experience severe neurological sequelae even with antiviral therapy. Effective suppression and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host, with T-cell activation and regulation playing a major role in adaptive immunity, while innate immunity also plays a crucial role in inhibiting virus replication and spread. This article summarized the immune response characteristics and mechanisms in HSE, outlined the protective and damaging effects of the immune system on the body, thereby providing insights for new mechanistic studies and the development of novel immunotherapies.