脊髓灰质炎曾在全球广泛流行和传播，严重危害儿童健康。自1988年世界卫生大会发起全球消灭脊髓灰质炎行动倡议以来，全球脊髓灰质炎防控工作取得显著进展，但消灭脊髓灰质炎工作仍面临重重挑战。在目前维持无脊髓灰质炎状态下，我国面临的主要问题是疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis, VAPP)病例和脊髓灰质炎疫苗衍生病毒(vaccine-derived poliovirus，VDPV)病例的发生。为此，通过回顾消灭脊髓灰质炎工作取得的进展，总结不同国家或地区在消灭脊髓灰质炎过程中所采用的防控策略，尤其是不同国家或地区的脊髓灰质炎疫苗使用经验，分析消灭脊髓灰质炎最后阶段面临的挑战，进而提出应对策略和建议，即科学评价防控措施、适时调整脊髓灰质炎免疫策略、努力消除接种犹豫并提高疫苗接种率，这对早日实现根除脊髓灰质炎的目标是非常有必要的。

Poliomyelitis is a global threat to children’s health. Significant progress has been made in global polio prevention and control since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative by the World Health Assembly in 1988. The main problems facing our country in maintaining a polio-free state at present are vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and polio vaccine-derived virus (VDPV). The progress made in the eradication of poliomyelitis, the control strategies in the process of polio eradication, especially the experience of using polio vaccine in different countries and regions, and the challenges faced in the final phase of polio eradication were reviewed in this paper. Achieving the goals of polio eradication will rely on scientific evaluation, timely adjustment of polio immunization strategy, efforts to eliminate vaccination hesitancy and increasing the vaccination rate.