丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染后易演变为慢性肝炎，甚至进展为肝硬化、肝癌。目前尚无有效的预防疫苗，抗病毒治疗药物的疗效也较局限。因此，直接靶向抗病毒且无毒副作用的治疗方法是目前研究的重点。微小RNA（miRNA）是一类小分子非编码RNA，主要通过下调宿主基因表达而发挥生物学功能。miRNA-122(miR-122)在HCV感染中的作用受到关注，探讨其影响HCV复制的具体分子机制对将其作为抗病毒治疗的一个靶目标、研发新型靶向抗HCV治疗药物有重要意义。本文主要就miR-122对HCV复制的影响及其成为潜在治疗靶点的研究现状作一综述。

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most successful human pathogens. Most of acute HCV infections are rapidly developed to chronic infections, which leads to liver cirrhosis and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A protective vaccine is not yet available, and current therapeutic options can only result in sustained virus clearance in a small population. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs functioning as negative regulators of host gene expression. Until now, microRNA-122 (miR-122) and its application in HCV infection have been the focus of different published studies, leading to studying HCV infection and to identifying new therapeutic targets. This review will highlight the impacts of miR-122 on HCV replication and the possible miRNA targets for therapy of chronic hepatitis.