流行性感冒(简称流感)的频频暴发严重危害人类健康和公共卫生，已引起全球范围内的高度关注。预防流感最有效和经济的措施是接种疫苗，但流感病毒的持续变异可逃逸人群已有的免疫应答，目前使用的季节性流感疫苗仅对亚型内抗原匹配较好的毒株产生免疫保护作用，难以有效应对因抗原漂移或抗原转换而产生的无法预料的流感大流行。因此，研发对流感病毒不同亚型均具有交叉免疫保护作用的广谱流感疫苗具有重要意义。近年来，流感病毒广谱中和抗体的发现、对流感病毒抗原保守区域及细胞免疫机制的深入研究、疫苗免疫策略的优化等都为广谱流感疫苗的研发提供了新思路。本文简述了近几年基于血凝素、基质蛋白、核蛋白等多种流感靶抗原的广谱流感疫苗的研究进展。

Influenza virus infections are a major public health concern and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevention of influenza through vaccine development is the most effective management strategy, but it is challenged by the evolution of influenza virus variants that could help viruses evade human immunity. Furthermore, the licensed influenza vaccines only induce strain­specific immunity and cannot provide reliable protection against unexpected pandemics and epidemics caused by antigen drift or shift variants. Therefore, research and development of universal vaccines which induce broad­spectrum immune responses has become a hotspot. The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies has provided new insights into vaccine development for the past years, and the lucubration of conserved antigenic regions and the study of cellular immunity and the optimization of vaccine immunization strategy also promote the development of universal influenza vaccine. This review summarizes the encouraging scientific advances in the field with a focus on novel epitope­based approaches in vaccine design.