本研究旨在探讨急性布鲁菌病患者及其治疗后的肠道菌群特征，揭示肠道微生物群落与布鲁菌病发生发展的潜在关联。研究收集了16名急性和3名治疗后布鲁菌病患者的粪便样本进行16S rRNA高通量测序，并在NCBI公共数据库上匹配40名中国健康对照的测序数据进行分析。与健康对照组相比，布鲁菌病患者的肠道微生物群落丰富度和微生物多样性均较低（P < 0.05）。差异物种分析表明，布鲁菌病组中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）及其下属的双歧杆菌科（Bifidobacterium）和柯林斯菌科（Collinsella）的丰度较高。抗生素治疗进一步降低了布鲁菌病患者的肠道微生物多样性，并富集了革兰氏阳性菌如肠球菌（Enterococcus）、棒状杆菌科（Corynebactereraceae）和乳酸菌目（Lactobacillales）。PICRUSt2分析发现，3个组中18个KEGG通路存在显著差异（P < 0.05），其中布鲁菌病组中10/13（76.9%）条代谢通路增加，提示布鲁菌感染后代谢活动增强。本研究表明布鲁菌病患者肠道微生物多样性下降，而与疾病恶化相关的放线菌门（Actinobacteria）过度生长，为布鲁菌病的发病机制提供了新的视角。

Little was known regarding the differences in the gut microbiomes of brucellosis patients and healthy subjects (HCs). To explore the characteristics of the gut microbiota in brucellosis patients, 16s rRNA sequencing data from 40 Chinese HCs, 16 acute and 3 post-treatment brucellosis were analyzed. Acute and post-treatment brucellosis were lower in community richness and microbial diversity compared to HCs (P<0.05). Actinobacteria and subordinate genera, Bifidobacterium and Collinsella, were higher in acute brucellosis. Antibiotic treatment further reduced microbial diversity and enriched Gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus, Corynebactereraceae and Lactobacillales. PICRUSt2 analysis identified significant differences in 18 KEGG pathways, among which 10/13 (76.9%) metabolism pathway increased in brucellosis groups compared to HCs, indicating metabolic enhancement after Brucella infection. In conclusion, our cohort study detected altered microbiota and decreased microbial diversity in the brucellosis patients, marked by a significant overgrowth of disease-related microbes from Actinobacteria, which was a new perspective for the pathogenesis of brucellosis.