本文报道了1例脲放线杆菌(Actinobacillus ureae)引起恶性肿瘤患者肺部感染的病例，并进行文献复习。该患者在住院化疗期间，机会性感染脲放线杆菌，并引起典型的肺部炎症。诊治过程中，检验科医师与临床医师充分沟通，及时对致病菌进行药物敏感性试验，协助临床医师对患者开展规范用药。使用头孢哌酮舒巴坦联合左氧氟沙星静脉滴注进行抗感染治疗后，患者肺部炎症明显好转。文献调查显示，脲放线杆菌的感染率明显高于实际检出水平，因此，临床医师应将其视为易感患者的潜在病原体之一。本文对1例脲放线杆菌机会性感染导致的肺部炎症病例进行报道，有助于加深检验科医师对该病原体的认识，为临床医师及时诊治该病原体引起的感染提供参考。

This article presented a case of pulmonary infection caused by Actinobacillus ureae (A. ureae) in a patient with malignant tumor, along with a comprehensive literature review. During the patient’s hospitalization for chemotherapy, an opportunistic infection with A. ureae occurred, leading to typical pulmonary inflammation. The laboratory maintained consistent communication with clinicians throughout the diagnosis and treatment process, promptly conducting in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the pathogen and guiding standardized medication for the patient. Ultimately, following treatment with intravenous cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with levofloxacin for anti-infection symptomatic therapy, the patient’s pulmonary inflammation significantly improved. A literature review revealed that the infection rate of A. ureae was significantly higher than its actual detection level, suggesting that it should be considered one of the potential pathogens in susceptible patients in clinical practice. By reporting this case of pulmonary inflammation caused by an opportunistic infection of A. ureae, this article aims to raise awareness among laboratory staff about this pathogen and provide a reference for clinicians to timely diagnose and treat infections caused by rare pathogens.