结核病是世界范围内的重要传染性疾病之一，严重威胁人类健康。免疫细胞在抗结核免疫过程中起重要作用，各细胞亚群通过不同作用机制影响结核病的病程及转归。中性粒细胞为机体应对结核分枝杆菌感染的第一道防线，在宿主免疫应答过程中是一把双刃剑。一方面，机体感染结核分枝杆菌后，中性粒细胞于第一时间向感染部位聚集，通过多种方式对抗感染：中性粒细胞吞噬结核分枝杆菌后，通过自身凋亡而杀菌；参与形成肉芽肿，形成胞外陷阱来限制结核分枝杆菌的生长和传播；产生功能性细胞因子，调控宿主的抗结核免疫反应。另一方面，中性粒细胞还参与机体的病理损伤过程，甚至促进体内结核分枝杆菌的生长。本文综述了中性粒细胞在抗结核免疫中作用的最新研究进展。

Tuberculosis is a global health concern. Cell-mediated immunity plays important roles against the infection. Several types of immune cells and cytokines play key roles in the pathogenesis, development and prognosis of tuberculosis through a variety of mechanisms. Neutrophils participate in constituting the first line of defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Neutrophils gather at the infection site rapidly after infection, and play the roles of anti-tuberculosis immunity through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, apoptosis, granuloma formation, neutrophil extracellular traps and producing effector cytokines. In addition, neutrophils also participate in the tissue injury process in tuberculosis patients. The recent research progress on the functions of neutrophils and some cytokines related to the immune response to tuberculosis is summarized.